Hydroalcoholic extract of Emblica officinalis protects against kainic acid-induced status epilepticus in rats: Evidence for an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective intervention

References

• Atlante A, Calissano P, Bobba A, Giannattasio S, Marra E, Passarella S. (2001). Glutamate neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondria. FEBS Lett, 497, 1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartfai T, Sanchez-Alavez M, Andell-Jonsson S, Schultzberg M, Vezzani A, Danielsson E, Conti B. (2007). Interleukin-1 system in CNS stress: Seizures, fever, and neurotrauma. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1113, 173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer B, Hartz AM, Pekcec A, Toellner K, Miller DS, Potschka H. (2008). Seizure-induced up-regulation of P-glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier through glutamate and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling. Mol Pharmacol, 73, 1444–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker A, Grecksch G, Brosz M. (1995). Antiepileptic drugs—their effects on kindled seizures and kindling-induced learning impairments. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 52, 453–459.
   Google Scholar
• Bertram EH. (2009). Temporal lobe epilepsy: Where do the seizures really begin? Epilepsy Behav, 14 (Suppl 1), 32–37.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas NR, Gupta SK, Das GK, Kumar N, Mongre PK, Haldar D, Beri S. (2001). Evaluation of Ophthacare eye drops—a herbal formulation in the management of various ophthalmic disorders. Phytother Res, 15, 618–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreño M, Donaire A, Sánchez-Carpintero R. (2008). Cognitive disorders associated with epilepsy: Diagnosis and treatment. Neurologist, 14, S26–S34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra RH, Veeresham C, Asres K. (2004). Effect of Emblica officinalis commercial formulation in type 2 diabetic patients. Indian J Pharma Sci, 66, 735–738.
   Google Scholar
• Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. (2003). Epilepsy. N Engl J Med, 349, 1257–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Quan QY, Yang F, Wang Y, Wang JC, Zhao G, Jiang W. (2010). Effects of lamotrigine and topiramate on hippocampal neurogenesis in experimental temporal-lobe epilepsy. Brain Res, 1313, 270–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherlyee CWJ, Thomas PB. (1995). Status epilepticus. Neurol Clin, 13, 529–548.
   Google Scholar
• Choi J, Koh S. (2008). Role of brain inflammation in epileptogenesis. Yonsei Med J, 49, 1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong XX, Wang Y, Qin ZH. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 30, 379–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman GL. (1959). Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys, 82, 70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. (2009). Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med, 30, 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grecksch G, Becker A, Gadau C, Matthies H. (1991). Gangliosides improve a memory deficit in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 39, 825–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta YK, Briyal S. (2006). Protective effect of vineatrol against kainic acid induced seizures, oxidative stress and on the expression of heat shock proteins in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 16, 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta YK, Briyal S, Sharma M. (2009). Protective effect of curcumin against kainic acid induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 53, 39–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hessen E, Lossius MI, Reinvang I, Gjerstad L. (2006). Predictors of neuropsychological impairment in seizure-free epilepsy patients. Epilepsia, 47, 1870–1878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homayoun H, Khavandgar S, Zarrindast MR. (2001). Effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on pentylenetetrazole-induced amnesia. Eur J Pharmacol, 430, 289–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob A, Pandey M, Kapoor S, Saroja R. (1988). Effect of the Indian gooseberry (amla) on serum cholesterol levels in men aged 35–55 years. Eur J Clin Nutr, 42, 939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardos J. (1999). Recent advances in GABA research. Neurochem Int, 34, 353–358.
   Google Scholar
• Khan KH, Khan KH. (2009). Roles of Emblica officinalis in medicine—a review. Bot Res Int, 2, 218–228.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokozawa T. (2010). The protective role of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) against fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in a rat model. Br J Nutr, 103, 502–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. (1996). Indian Medicinal Plants. Dehradun, India: International Book Distributor.
   Google Scholar
• Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ. (2006). Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 61, 1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JK, Won JS, Singh AK, Singh I. (2008). Statin inhibits kainic acid-induced seizure and associated inflammation and hippocampal cell death. Neurosci Lett, 440, 260–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minghetti L. (2007). Role of COX-2 in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. Subcell Biochem, 42, 127–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohamad A, Mikati MA, Tarif S, Lteif L, Jawad MA. (2001). Time sequence and types of memory deficits after experimental status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res, 43, 97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery EM, Bardgett ME, Lall B, Csernansky CA, Csernansky JG. (1999). Delayed neuronal loss after administration of intracerebroventricular kainic acid to preweanling rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res, 112, 107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Obay BD, Tasdemir E, Tümer C, Bilgin HM, Atmaca M. (2008). Dose dependent effects of ghrelin on pentylenetetrazole-induced oxidative stress in a rat seizure model. Peptides, 29, 448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 95, 351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozharitskaya ON, Ivanova SA, Shikov AN, Makarov VG. (2007). Separation and evaluation of free radical-scavenging activity of phenol components of Emblica officinalis extract by using an HPTLC-DPPH* method. J Sep Sci, 30, 1250–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pramyothin P, Samosorn P, Poungshompoo S, Chaichantipyuth C. (2006). The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury. J Ethnopharmacol, 107, 361–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao RS, Prakash A, Medhi B. (2009). Role of different cytokines and seizure susceptibility: A new dimension towards epilepsy research. Indian J Exp Biol, 47, 625–634.
   Google Scholar
• Said SI, Pakbaz H, Berisha HI, Raza S. (2000). NMDA receptor activation: Critical role in oxidant tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 1300–1302.
   Google Scholar
• Saito K, Kohno M, Yoshizaki F, Niwano Y. (2008). Extensive screening for edible herbal extracts with potent scavenging activity against superoxide anions. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 63, 65–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt MJ, Ryan JJ, Molloy BB. (1976). Effects of kainic acid, a cyclic analogue of glutamic acid, on cyclic nucleotide accumulation in slices of rat cerebellum. Brain Res, 112, 113–126.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer C, Sperk G. (1995). Hippocampal granule cells express glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 after limbic seizures in the rat. Neuroscience, 69, 705–709.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Sharma MK, Kumar M. (2009). Modulatory role of Emblica officinalis fruit extract against arsenic induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Chem Biol Interact, 180, 20–30.
   Google Scholar
• Sierra-Paredes G, Sierra-Marcuño G. (2007). Extrasynaptic GABA and glutamate receptors in epilepsy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 6, 288–300.
   Google Scholar
• Silva B, Oliveira PJ, Dias A, Malva JO. (2008). Quercetin, kaempferol and biapigenin from Hypericum perforatum are neuroprotective against excitotoxic insults. Neurotox Res, 13, 265–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubley-Weatherly L, Harding JW, Wright JW. (1996). Effects of discrete kainic acid-induced hippocampal lesions on spatial and contextual learning and memory in rats. Brain Res, 716, 29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teismann P, Vila M, Choi DK, Tieu K, Wu DC, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S. (2003). COX-2 and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 991, 272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda Y, Yokoyama H, Nakajima A, Tokumaru J, Doi T, Mitsuyama Y. (2002). Glutamate excess and free radical formation during and following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Exp Brain Res, 147, 219–226.
   Google Scholar
• Vezzani A, Granata T. (2005). Brain inflammation in epilepsy: Experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia, 46, 1724–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent P, Mulle C. (2009). Kainate receptors in epilepsy and excitotoxicity. Neuroscience, 158, 309–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Xu Q, Zhang L, Kong D, Ma R, Wang L. (2009). Protective effect of resveratrol against kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Neurochem Res, 34, 1393–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Okubo T, Chu DC, Juneja LR. (2007). Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process. Br J Nutr, 97, 1187–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Montine TJ, Milatovic D. (2008). Pharmacologic suppression of oxidative damage and dendritic degeneration following kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in mouse cerebrum. Neurotoxicology, 29, 621–627.
   Google Scholar