Tissue hypoxaemia causes oedema, inflammation and fibrosis in porcine bronchial transsection

References

• Wagner EM, Brown RH. Blood flow distribution within the airway wall. J Appl Physiol 2002;92:1964–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charan NB, Turk GM, Dhand R. The role of bronchial circulation in lung abscess. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:121–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charan NB, Carvalho P. Angiogenesis in bronchial circulatory system after unilateral pulmonary artery obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1997;82:284–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henig NR, Glenny RW, Aitken ML. A hypertrophied bronchial circulatory system may participate in gas exchange. Lancet 1998;351:113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon GS, Zamora MR, Roos JE, Sheahan D, Sista RR, Van der Starre P, . Lung transplant airway hypoxia: a diathesis to fibrosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:230–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgaard MA, Andersen CB, Pettersson G. Does bronchial artery revascularization influence results concerning bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and/or obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998;14:311–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak K, Kamler M, Bock M, Motsch J, Hagl S, Jakob H, . Bronchial artery revascularization affects graft recovery after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:216–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu AN, Murakawa T, Thurman JM, Miller EJ, Henson PM, Zamora RM, . Microvascular destruction identifies murine allografts that cannot be rescued from airway fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2007;117: 3774–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akindipe O, Fernandez-Bussy S, Jantz M, Lu L, Deem A, Swafford W, . Obliterative bronchiolitis in lung allografts removed at retransplant for intractable airway problems. Respirology 2009;14:601–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolls MR, Zamora MR. Bronchial blood supply after lung transplantation without bronchial artery revascularization. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010:15:563–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verleden GM, Vos R, van Raemdonck D, Vanaudenaerde B. Pulmonary infection defense after lung transplantation: does airway ischemia play a role? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010;15:568–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis FH, Grindlay JH, Edwards JE. The bronchial arteries: experimental occlusion. Surgery 1951;30:810–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvietys PR, Shepherd AP, Granger DN. Laser-Doppler, H2 clearance, and microsphere estimates of mucosal blood flow. Am J Physiol 1985;49:G221–7.
   Google Scholar
• Baile EM, Nelems J, Schulzer M, Paré P. Measurement of regional bronchial arterial blood flow and bronchovascular resistance in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1988;53:1044–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fujino S, Inoue S, Yamashita N, Mori A. An experimental study on direct revascularization of bronchial circulation by microvascular anastomosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1067–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundset A, Hansen G, Haanaes OC, Line PD, Kvernebo K. Human bronchial perfusion evaluated with endoscopic laser Doppler flowmetry. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1993;13: 233–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norgaard MA, Gadsboll N, Efsen F, Hesse B, Rabol A, Pettersson G. Bronchial artery perfusion scintigraphy to assess bronchial artery blood flow after lung transplantation. J Nucl Med 1999;40:290–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgaard MA, Hove JD, Efsen F, Saunamaki K, Hesse B, Pettersson G. Human bronchial artery blood flow after lung Tx with direct bronchial artery revascularization. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:1234–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gade J, Qvortrup K, Andersen CB, Olsen PS. Bronchial transsection and reanastomosis in pigs with and without bronchial arterial circulation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:332–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gade J, Quortrup K, Andersen CB, Thorsen S, Svendsen UG, Olsen PS. Bronchial transsection and reanastomosis in pigs with and without bronchial arterial circulation. An experimental study in pigs. Scand Cardiovasc J 2001;35: 212–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gade J, Nørgaard M, Andersen CB, Breitowizc B, Jakobsen H, Svendsen UG, . The porcine bronchial artery. Anastomoses with coronary, oesophageal and intercostal arteries. J Anat 1999;195:65–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley K, Herndorn D, Traber L, Traber D, Deubel-Ashley K, Stothert JR, . Systemic blood flow to sheep lung: comparison of flow probes and microspheres. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:1996–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson K, Ahn H, Lindhagen J, Lundgren O. Tissue penetration and measuring depth of laser Doppler flowmetry in the gastrointestinal application. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987;22:1081–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn H, Lindhagen J, Nilsson GE, Salerud EG, Jodal M, Lundgren O. Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry in the assessment of intestinal blood flow in cat. Gastroenterology 1985;88:951–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd AP, Riedel GL, Kiel JW, Haumschild DJ, Maxwell LC. Evaluation of an infrared laser-Doppler blood flowmeter. Am J Physiol 1987;252:G832–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoefel WT, Kollias N, Rattner DW, Nishioka NS, Warshaw AL. Reflectance spectroscopy of pancreatic microcirculation. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:116–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gade J, Palmquist D, Plomgård P, Greisen G. Diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with visible light. Comparison of 4 different methods in a tissue phantom. Phys Med Biol 2006;51:121–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HJ, Yusen RD, Meyers BF, Walter MJ, Mohanakumar T, Patterson GA, . Late primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2008;8:2454–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills NL, Boyd AD, Gheranpong C. The significance of bronchial circulation in lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970:60:866–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventemiglia RA, Braverman B, DiMauro J, Castro R, Blair W, Spigos D, . The ischemic lung: Role of the bronchial arteries in lung function. Cardiovasc Dis 1981;8: 480–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korpela A, Aarnio P, Taskinen E, Ikonen T, Harjula A. Healing of bronchial allografts in pigs. Scand Cardiovasc J 2000;34:433–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barman SA, Ardell JL, Parker JC, Perry ML, Taylor AE. Pulmonary and systemic blood flow contributions to upper airways in canine lung. Am J Physiol 1988;255: H1130–5.
   Google Scholar
• Korpela A, Aarnio P, Harjula A. Evaluation of bronchial mucosal blood flow by laser Doppler flowmeter. Int J Angiology 1995;4:110–2.
   Google Scholar
• Herold U, Jakob H, Kamler M, Thiele R, Tochtermann U, Weinmann J, . Interruption of bronchial circulation leads to a severe decrease in peribronchial oxygen tension in standard lung transplantation technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;13:176–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamler K, Nowak K, Bock M, Herold U, Motsch J, Hagl S, . Bronchial artery revascularization restores peribronchial tissue oxygenation after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:763–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar