The association between substance use disorders and early and combined use of alcohol and marijuana in two American Indian populations

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Mitchell, C. M., Spicer, P., & The AI-SUPERPFP Team. (2003a). Cultural specificity and comparison in psychiatric epidemiology: Walking the tightrope in American Indian research. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 27, 259–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, J., Novins, D. K., Whitesell, N. R., Spicer, P., Mitchell, C. M., & Manson, S. M. (2005). Prevalence of mental disorders and utilization of mental health services in two American Indian reservation populations: Mental health disparities in a national context. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1723–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, J., Piasecki, J., Nelson, S., Jones, M., Keane, E., Dauphinais, P., Shirt, R. R., Sack, W. H., & Manson, S. M. (1997). Psychiatric disorder among American Indian adolescents: Prevalence in Northern Plains youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1252–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, J., Spicer, P., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Manson, S. M., & The AI-SUPERPFP Team. (2003b). Racial disparities in alcohol use: Comparison of two American Indian reservation populations with national data. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1683–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvais, F. (1992a). Characteristics of Indian youth and drug use. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 5, 50–67.
   Google Scholar
• Beauvais, F. (1992b). Comparison of drug use rates for reservation Indian, non-reservation Indian and Anglo youth. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 5(1), 13–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvais, F. (1996). Trends in drug use among American Indian students and dropouts, 1975 to 1994. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1594–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvais, F., Jumper-Thurman, P., Helm, H., Plested, B., & Burnside, M. (2004). Surveillance of drug use among American Indian adolescents: Patterns over 25 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(6), 493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowsky, I. W., Resnick, M. D., Ireland, M., & Blum, R. W. (1999). Suicide attempts among American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Risk and protective factors. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 573–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, J., Lane, M., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. (2008). Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(7), 708–716.
   Google Scholar
• Caetano, R. & Babor, T. F. (2006). Diagnosis of alcohol dependence in epidemiological surveys: An epidemic of youthful alcohol dependence or a case of measurement error?. Addiction, 101(Suppl. 1), 111–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., & Anthony, J. C. (2007). Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in the United States: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 2001–2003. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90, 210–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duclos, C. W., Beals, J., Novins, D. K., Martin, C., Jewett, C. S., & Manson, S. M. (1998). Prevalence of common psychiatric disorders among American Indian adolescent detainees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 866–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, D. E., Yi, H., & Hilton, M. E. (2008). Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94(1–3), 234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fickenscher, A., Novins, D. K., & Beals, J. (2005). A pilot study of motivation and treatment completion among American Indian adolescents in substance abuse treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 31(8), 1402–1414.
   Google Scholar
• Gilman, W. E., Breslau, J., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., Subramanian, S. V., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2008). Education and race-ethnicity differences in the lifetime risk of alcohol dependence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F. & Dawson, D. A. (1998). Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(2), 163–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harford, T. C., Grant, B. F., Yi, H., & Chen, C. M. (2005). Patterns of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria among adolescent and adults: Results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(5), 810–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, E. H., Cummins, L. H., & Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 304–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., & Edwards, E. M. (2008). Age at drinking onset, alcohol dependence, and their relationship to drug use and dependence, driving under the influence of drugs, and motor-vehicle crash involvement because of drugs. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 192–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., & Winter, M. R. (2006). Age of drinking onset and alcohol dependence: Age at onset, duration, and severity. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 739–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2002). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2001. Volume I: Secondary school students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2004). The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 703–713.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. & Frank, R. G. (1997). The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days. Psychological Medicine, 27(4), 861–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovas, A. E., McFarland, B. H., Landen, M. G., Lopez, A. L., & May, P. A. (2008). Survey of American Indian alcohol statutes, 1975–2006: Evolving needs and future opportunities for tribal health. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labouvie, E., Bates, M., & Pandina, R. (1997). Age of first use: Its reliability and predictive utility. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 638–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby, A. M., Orton, H. D., Novins, D. K., Spicer, P., Buchwald, D., Beals, J., Manson, S. M., & AI‐SUPERPFP Team. (2004). Childhood physical abuse and sexual abuse and subsequent alcohol and drug use disorders in two American Indian tribes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(1), 74–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. M., Beals, J., Novins, D. K., Spicer, P., & The AI-SUPERPFP Team. (2003). Drug use among two American Indian populations: Prevalence of lifetime use and DSM-IV substance disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69, 29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naimi, T. S., Cobb, N., Boyd, D., Jarman, D. W., Brewer, R., Nelson, D. E., Holt, J., Espey, D., Snesrud, P., Chavez, P. (2008). Alcohol-attributed deaths and years of potential life lost among American Indians and Alaska Natives – United States, 2001–2005. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 57(34), 938–940.
   Google Scholar
• Norusis, M. J. (2001). SPSS 10.0 for Windows user’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Novins, D. K. & Barón, A. (2004). American Indian adolescent substance use: The hazards for substance use initiation and progression for adolescents aged 14 to 20. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novins, D. K., Beals, J., & Mitchell, C. M. (2001). Sequences of substance use among American Indian adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1168–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novins, D. K., Spicer, P., Beals, J., & Manson, S. M. (2004). Preventing underage drinking in American Indian and Alaska Native communities: Contexts, epidemiology, and culture. In Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (Ed.), National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility, background papers [CD ROM] (pp. 678–696). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, J. M., Novins, D. K., Beals, J., Croy, C. D., Barón, A. E., Spicer, P., Buchwald, D., & American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project Team. (2006). The relationship between patterns of alcohol use and mental and physical health disorders in two American Indian populations. Addiction, 101(1), 69–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell, J. M., Novins, D. K., Beals, J., & Spicer, P. (2005). Disparities in patterns of alcohol use among reservation-based and geographically dispersed American Indian populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(1), 107–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell, J. M., Novins, D. K., Beals, J., Whitesell, N. R., Libby, A., Orton, H., Croy, C. D., & AI-SUPERPFP Team (2007). Childhood characteristics associated with stage of substance use of American Indians: Family background, traumatic experiences, and childhood behaviors. Addictive Behavioirs, 32, 3142–3152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett, M. & Mitchell, C. M. (2000). Substance use rates among American Indian adolescents: Regional comparisons with Monitoring the Future high school seniors. Journal of Drug Issues, 30(3), 593–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin, R. W., Long, J. C., Rasmussen, J. K., Albaugh, B., & Goldman, D. (1998). Relationship of binge drinking to alcohol dependence, other psychiatric disorders, and behavioral problems in an American Indian tribe. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(2), 518–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. (2001). SAS language (Version 8.2). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy, L. & Jones, S. E. (2003). Tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among high school students in Bureau of Indian Affairs-funded schools – United States, 2001. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 52, 1070–1072.
   Google Scholar
• Spicer, P., Beals, J., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Croy, C. D., Manson, S. M., Moore, L., & The AI‐SUPERPFP Team. (2003). The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian reservation populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(11), 1785–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stata. (2001). Stata statistical software: Release 7.0 (Version 7). College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Stinson, F. S., Ruan, W. J., Pickering, R., & Grant, B. (2006). Cannabis use disorders in the USA: Prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1447–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by tribe and language: 2000. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. (1990). Indian adolescent mental health. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress.
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity – a supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general (SMA01-3613). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (2008). Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and health: Detailed tables. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (2010). The NSDUH report, substance use among American Indian or Alaska Native adults. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. M., Jr., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Schulenberg, J. E., & Cooper, S. M. (2002). Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: Racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976–2000. Public Health Reports, 117(Supplement 1), S67–S75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Spicer, P., O’Connell, J., & Manson, S. M. (2007). Marijuana initiation in two American Indian reservation communities: Comparison to a national sample. American Journal of Public Health, 97(7), 1311–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, L., Pilowsky, D. J., & Schlenger, W. E. (2005). High prevalence of substance use disorders among adolescents who use marijuana and inhalants. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78, 23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar