Differences existing between USA and Europe in opioids purchase on Internet: an interpretative review

References

• Allen, N. (2012). Batman Colorado shooting: James Holmes fixated by altered states of mind. The Telegraph. Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9419299/Batman-Colorado-shooting-James-Holmes-fixated-by-altered-states-of-mind.html [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, K., Richards-Waugh, L., Clay, D., Gebhardt, M., Mahmoud, H., & Kraner, J. C. (2010). Fatality involving the ingestion of phenazepam and poppy seed tea. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34, 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bert, F., Gualano, M. R., Brusaferro, S., De Vito, E., de Waure, C., La Torre, G., Manzoli, L., Messina, G., Todros, T., Torregrossa, M. V., & Siliquini, R. (2013). Pregnancy e-health: A multicenter Italian cross-sectional study on internet use and decision-making among pregnant women. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 67, 1013–1018
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, E. W., & Wines, J. D. Jr. (2008). Impact of Internet pharmacy regulation on opioid analgesic availability. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 703–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, S. F., Venuti, S. W., Benoit, C., Beaulaurier, R. L., Houle, B., & Katz, N. (2007). Internet surveillance: Content analysis and monitoring of product-specific internet prescription opioid abuse-related postings. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 23, 619–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011, November). Prescription Painkiller Overdoses in the US. CDC VitalSigns. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/PainkillerOverdoses/index.html [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2006a). Abuse of prescription drugs and the risk of addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83, S4–S7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2006b). Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: Concerns and strategies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 103–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Controlled Substances Act (1970). Title 21 – Food and Drugs. Chapter 13 – Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. Subchapter I – Control and Enforcement. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration
   Google Scholar
• de Waure, C., Cadeddu, C., Gualano, M. R., & Ricciardi, W. (2012). Telemedicine for the reduction of myocardial infarction mortality: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of published studies. Telemedicine and e-Health, 18, 323–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (2001). Dispensing and purchasing controlled substances over the Internet. Federal Register, 66, 21181–21184
   Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (2005). DEA Disables Major Pharmaceutical Internet Scheme: New “Virtual Enforcement Initiative” Announced, News Release, September 21, 2005. Washington, DC: Drug Enforcement Administration. Available from: www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr092105.html [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Drugs.com – Drugs Information Online. Acetaminophen/hydrocodone side effects. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/sfx/acetaminophen-hydrocodone-side-effects.html [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Forman, R. F. (2003). Availability of opioids on the Internet. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman, R. F., & Block, L. G. (2006). The marketing of opioid medications without prescription over the Internet. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25, 133–146
   Google Scholar
• Forman, R. F., Marlowe, D. B., & McLellan, A. T. (2006a). The Internet as a source of drugs of abuse. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 377–382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forman, R. F., Woody, G. E., McLellan, T., & Lynch, K. G. (2006b). The availability of Web sites offering to sell opioid medications without prescriptions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1233–1238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frauger, E., Nordmann, S., Orleans, V., Pradel, V., Pauly, V., Thirion, X., Micallef, J., & réseau des CEIPs. (2012). Which psychoactive prescription drugs are illegally obtained and through which ways of acquisition? About OPPIDUM survey. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 26, 549–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaul, G. M. (2003). Net Doctor Racks Up Business. The Miami Herald (December 28, 2003), 9A
   Google Scholar
• Gaul, G. M., & Flaherty, M. P. (2003). Internet Trafficking in Narcotics Has Surged. The Washington Post (October 20, 2003), Al
   Google Scholar
• General Accounting Office. (2004a). Testimony before the permanent subcommittee on investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, Statement of Marcia Crosse, Director, Health Care—Public Health and Military Care issues, June 17, 2004. Internet pharmacies: Some pose safety risks for consumers and are unreliable in their business practices (GAO-04-888T). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Available from: www.gao.gov/new.items/d04888t.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• General Accounting Office. (2004b). Testimony before the permanent subcommittee on investigations, committee on governmental affairs, U.S. Senate, Statement of Robert J. Cramer, June 17, 2004. Internet pharmacies: Hydrocone, an addictive narcotic pain medication, is available without a prescription through the Internet (GAO-04-892T). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Available from: www.gao.gov/new.items/d04892t.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Gerstein, D. R., & Green, L. W. (1993). Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? Washington, DC: National Academy Press
   Google Scholar
• Giacometti, M., Gualano, M. R., Bert, F., & Siliquini, R. (2013). Public health accessible to all: Use of smartphones in the context of healthcare in Italy. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, 69, 249–259
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, J. H., & Pope, H. G. Jr. (2001). Hallucinogens on the Internet: A vast new source of underground drug information. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 481–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Cicero, T. J., Kurtz, S. P., Martin, S. S., & Parrino, M. W. (2009). The “black box” of prescription drug diversion. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 28, 332–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Drug Mart: With Record Number of Uninsured, Americans Turn to Foreign Pharmacies for Lowest-Cost Prescription Drugs. Yahoo News, June 11, 2008. Available from: http://www.internationaldrugmart.com/media/yahoo-news-story.html [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Internet World Stats (2012). Internet usage statistics, population and telecom reports for the Americas. Available from: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats2.htm [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2004). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2003. Vol. I: Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse
   Google Scholar
• Katz, N., Fernandez, K., Chang, A., Benoit C., & Butler, S. F. (2008). Internet-based survey of nonmedical prescription opioid use in the United States. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24, 528–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, C. A. (2011). Psychotropics without borders: Ethics and legal implications of internet-based access to psychiatric medications. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 39, 104–111
   Google Scholar
• Kronstrand, R., Roman, M., Thelander, G., & Eriksson, A. (2011). Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 35, 242–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummervold, P. E., Chronaki, C. E., Lausen, B., Prokosch, H. U., Rasmussen, J., Santana, S., Staniszewski, A., & Wangberg, S. C. (2008). eHealth trends in Europe 2005–2007: A population-based survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10, e42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A., Madden, M., & Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and Technology: Youth are Leading the Transition to a Fully Wired and Mobile Station (p. 2). Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D. Z. (2001). Internet facilitation of opioid dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 10, 279–281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, B. K., Goldfogel, G., Hamilton, R., Kuhlman, J. (2009). Five deaths resulting from abuse of dextromethorphan sold over the internet. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 33, 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, S. (2003, September 29). Online Drug Sales: Promise or Peril? Yonkers, NY: Consumer reports webwatch. Available from: http://consumersunion.org/news/online-drug-sales-promise-or-peril/ [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J., Boyd, C. J., & Teter, C. J. (2007). Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 562–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites (VIPPS). Available from: http://vipps.nabp.net/
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2003). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Bethesda, MD: NIDA
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, S. B. (2009). Prescription drug misuse: Is technology friend or foe? Drug Alcohol Review, 28, 81–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of National Drug Control Policy (2004). Reducing Prescription Drug Abuse. Available from: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press04/prescrip_fs.pdf [last accessed 12 Oct 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Union. (2011). DIRECTIVE 2011/62/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 8 June 2011 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, as regards the prevention of the entry into the legal supply chain of falsified medicinal products. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-1/dir_2011_62/dir_2011_62_en.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Ornes, L. H. (2006). Prescription drug re-importation: A balanced look. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32, 15–19
   Google Scholar
• Raine, C., Webb, D. J., & Maxwell, S. R. (2009). The availability of prescription-only analgesics purchased from the internet in the UK. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 67, 250–254
   Google Scholar
• Rice, R. E. (2006). Influences, usage, and outcomes of Internet health information searching: Multivariate results from the Pew surveys. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 75, 8–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifano, F., Deluca, P., Baldacchino, A., Peltoniemi, T., Scherbaum, N., Torrens, M., Farre, M., Flores, I., Rossi, M., Eastwood, D., Guionnet, C., Rawaf, S., Agosti, L., Di Furia, L., Brigada, R., Majava, A., Siemann, H., Leoni, M., Tomasin, A., Rovetto, F., & Ghodse, A. H. (2006). Drugs on the Web; the Psychonaut 2002 EU project. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30, 640–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemann, H., Schnell, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2009). Misuse and abuse of opioid analgesics – The role of the internet. Available from: http://www.psychonautproject.eu/documents/presentations/SiemannHSchnellJScherbaumNPsychonautConference2009.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Siliquini, R., Ceruti, M., Lovato, E., Bert, F., Bruno, S., De Vito, E., Liguori, G., Manzoli, L., Messina, G., Minniti, D., & La Torre, G. (2011). Surfing the internet for health information: An Italian survey on use and population choices. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 11, 21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siliquini, R., Saulle, R., Rabacchi, G., Bert, F., Massimi, A., Bulzomì, V., Boccia, A., & La Torre, G. (2012). Validation of a web-based questionnaire for pregnant women to assess utilization of Internet: Survey among an Italian sample. Annali di Igiene: medicina preventiva e di comunità, 24, 397–405
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). Overview of Findings from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2004). Mortality Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2002. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Statistics
   Google Scholar
• The Internet and Adolescent Non-medical Use of Prescription Drugs. Available from: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/criminal-justice/kinsnida.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (2004 February). “You’ve Got Drugs!” Prescription Drug Pushers on the Internet. A CASA white paper
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (2007, January). International Narcotics Control Board Report 2006. Available from: http://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2006/AR_06_English.pdf [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Report Series. Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/prescription-drugs [last accessed 9 Jan 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, A. (2006). Buying prescription drugs on the Internet: promises and pitfalls. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 73, 282–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar