Neurophysiology of fetal behavior

References

• Judaˇs M, Kostovi´c I. Temelji neuroznanosti. 1. izd. MD Zagreb 1997:24–31, 622–642, 353–60 2. Schacher S. Determination and differentiation in the development of the nervous system. In Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, eds. Principles of Neural Science, 2nd edn. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1985:730–2
   Google Scholar
• Kostovi´c I. Prenatal development of nucleus basalis complex and related fibre system in man: a histochemical study. Neuroscience 1986;17:1047–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molliver ME, Kostovic I, Van der Loos H. Thedevelopment of synapses in cerebral cortex of the human fetus. Brain Res 1973;50:403–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostovic I. Zentralnervensystem. In Hinrichsen KV, ed. Humanembryologie. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990:381–448
   Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, ed. Oˇcekuju´ci novoroenˇce. Zagreb: Mladost, 1984:18, 30
   Google Scholar
• Prechtl PH. Ultrasound studies of human fetal behaviour. Early Hum Dev 1985;2:91–8
   Google Scholar
• Ianniruberto A, Tajani E. Ultrasonographic study of fetal movements. Semin Perinatol 1981;4:175–81
   Google Scholar
• Goto S, Kato TK. Early movements are useful for estimating the gestational weeks in the first trimester of pregnancy. In Levski RA, Morley P, eds. Ultrasound ‘82. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983:577–82
   Google Scholar
• Okado N. Onset of synapse formation in the human spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 1981;10;201:211– 19
   Google Scholar
• Okado N. Development of the human cervical spinal cord with reference to synapse formation in the motor nucleus. J Comp Neurol 1980;191:495–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. An Update on Current Scientific Knowl- edge. London: Department of Health, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey T. Some correlations between the appearance of human fetal reflexes and the devel- opment of the nervous system. Prog Brain Res 1964;4:93–135
   Google Scholar
• de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. Fetal motility in the first half of pregnancy. In Prechtl HFR, ed. Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1984:44–64
   Google Scholar
• Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behavior I. Qualitative aspects. Early Hum Dev 1982;7:301–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kostovic I, Judas M, Petanjek Z, et al. Ontogenesis of goal-directed behavior: anatomo-functional con- siderations. Int J Psychophysiol 1995;19:85–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graca LM, Cardoso CG, Clode N, et al. Acute effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate and fetal movements felt by the mother. J Perinat Med 1991;19:385–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz M, Meizner IG, Holcberg M, et al. Reduction or cessation of fetal movements after administra- tion of steroids for enhancement of lung maturation. Isr J Med Science 1988;24:5–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurjak A. Kada ˇzivot poˇcinje. OKO 1981;232:14
   Google Scholar
• D’Elia A, Pighetti M, Moccia G, et al. Spontaneous motor activity in the normal fetus. Early Human Dev 2001;65:139–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale R, Nasello-Paterson C, Turlink R. Long- itudinal measurements of fetal breathing, body movements, and heart rate accelerations, and decelerations at 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:256–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eller DP, Stramm SL, Newman RB. The effect ofmaternal intravenous glucose administration on fetal activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1071–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, et al. Patterns of gross fetal body movements over 24-hour observation intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:363–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Azumendi G, Vecek N, et al. Fetal hand movements and facial expression in normal preg- nancy studied by four-dimensional sonography. J Perinat Med 2003;31:496–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behavior. II Quantitative aspects. Early Hum Dev 1985;12:99–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behavior. III. Individual differ- encies and consistencies. Early Hum Dev 1988;16:85–103
   Google Scholar
• Prechtl HF. Fetal behaviour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989;32:32
   Google Scholar
• Visser GHA, Laurini RN, Vries JIP, et al. Abnormal motor behaviour in anencephalic fetuses. Early Hum Dev 1985;12:173–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. Perinatal neurological development. In Gennse G, Marsal K, Svenningsen N, et al., eds. Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Measurements III (Proceedings of the Third Interna- tional Conference on Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Measurements III, Malmo/Ronneby, Sweden, June 5–8 1988) 1989:335–46
   Google Scholar
• Prechtl HFR, Einspieler C. Is neurological assess- ment of the fetus possible? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;75:81–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champagnat J, Fortin G. Primordial respiratory-likerhythm generation in the vertebrate embryo. Trends Neurosci 1997;20:119–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patrick J, Gagnon R. Fetal breathing and body movement. In Creasy RK, Resnik R, eds. Maternal- fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1989:268–84
   Google Scholar
• Natale R, Nasello-Paterson C, Connors G. Patterns of fetal breathing activity in the human fetus at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:317–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, et al. Patterns of human fetal breathing during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1980;56:24–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, et al. A definition of human fetal apnea and the distribu- tion of fetal apneic intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;136:371–7
   Google Scholar
• Roberts AB, Goldstein I, Romero R, et al. Fetal breathing movements after preterm rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:821–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kivikoski A, Amon E, Vaalamo PO, et al. Effect of third-trimester premature rupture of membranes on fetal breathing movements: a prospective case– control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1474–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson B, Natale R, Patrick J. Human fetalbreathing activity during induced labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;133:247–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besinger RE, Compton AA, Hayashi RH. The presence or absence of fetal breathing movements as a predictor of outcome in preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:753–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Natale R, Patrick J, Richardson B. Effects of maternal venous plasma glucose concentrations on fetal breathing movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132–41
   Google Scholar
• Patrick J, Natale R, Richardson B. Patterns of human fetal breathing activity at 34 to 35 weeks gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;507–13
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie K. The response to changes in thecomposition of maternal inspired air in human pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 1980;4:295–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson B, Campbell K, Campbell L, et al. Effects of external physical stimulation on fetuses near term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;139:344–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisilevsky BS, Hains SMJ, Low JA. Maturation ofbody and breathing movements in 24–33 week old fetuses threatening to deliver prematurely. Early Hum Dev 1999;55:25–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox HE, Steinbrecher M, Pessel D, et al. Maternal ethanol ingestion and occurence of human breath- ing movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132:354– 61
   Google Scholar
• Richardson B, O’Grady JP, Olsen GD. Fetal breath- ing movements in response to carbon dioxide in patients on methadone maitainance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:400–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning FA, Wym Pugh E, Boddy K. Effect ofcigarete smoking on fetal breathing movements in normal pregnancy. Br Med J 1975;1:552–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishigava M, Yoneyama Y, Power GG, et al. Maternal theophylline administration and breath- ing movements in the late gestation human fetus. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:973–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosmi EV, Cosmi E, La Torre R. The effect of fetalbreathing movements on the utero-placental circu- lation. Early Pregnancy 2001;5:51–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamant NE. Development of esophageal function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:S29–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pritchard JA. Fetal swallowing and amniotic fluid volume. Obstet Gynecol 1966;28:606–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovich DR, Garden A, Jandial L, et al. Fetal swallowing and vioding in relation to hydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovich DR. Fetal factor influencing the volume and composition of liquor amnii. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1970;77:865–77
   Google Scholar
• Ross MG, Nijland JM. Development of ingestive behavior. Am J Physiol 1998;274:R879–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross MG, El Haddad M, DeSai M. Unopposed orexic pathways in the developing fetus. Physiol Behav 2003;79:79–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross MG, Kullama LK, Ogundipe OA, et al. Ovine fetal swallowing response to intracerebroventricu- lar hypertonic saline. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:2267– 71
   Google Scholar
• Ross MG, Kullama LK, Ogundipe OA, et al. Central angiotensin II stimulation of ovine fetal swallow- ing. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1340–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald TJ, Li C, Nijland MJM, et al. Fos response of the fetal sheep anterior circumventri- cular organs to an osmotic challenge in late gestation. Am J Physiol 1998;275:H609–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu Z, Nijland MJ, Ross MG. Plasma osmolality dypsogenic thresholds and c-fos expression in the near-term ovine fetus. Pediatr Res 2001;49:678–85
   Google Scholar
• Caston Balderrama A, Nijland MJM, McDonald TJ, et al. Central Fos expression in fetal and adult sheep following intraperitoneal hypertonic saline. Am J Physiol 1999;276:H725–35
   Google Scholar
• El Haddad MA, Chao CR, MA SX, et al. Neuronal NO modulates spontaneous ANG II-stimulated fetal swallowing behavior in the near-term ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002;282:R1521–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Haddad MA, Chao CR, Sayed AA, et al. Effects of central angiotensin II receptor antagonism on fetal swallowing and cardiovascular activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:828–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davison JM, Gilmore EA, Durr J. Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1984;246:F105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross MG, Sherman DJ, Schreyer P, et al. Fetal rehydration via amniotic fluid: contribution of fetal swallowing. Pediatr Res 1991;29;214–17
   Google Scholar
• Nijland MJM, Kullama LK, Ross MG. Maternalplasma hypo-osmolality: effects on spontaneous and stimulated ovine fetal swallowing. J Matern Fetal Med 1998;7:165–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross MG, Sherman DJ, Ervin MG, et al. Fetal swallowing: response to systemic hypotension. Am J Physiol 1990;257:R130–4
   Google Scholar
• Pitkin RM, Reynolds WA. Fetal ingestion andmetabolism of amniotic fluid protein. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;123:356–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley RM, Mistretta CM. The developing sense of taste. In Denton VDA, Coghlan JP, eds. Olfaction and Taste. New York: Academic Press, 1975:91–8
   Google Scholar
• Kawamura K, Takebayashi S. The development ofnoradrenaline-, acetylcholinesterase-, neuropeptide Y- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves in human cerebral arteries. Neurosci Lett 1994;175:1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cetin I, Morpurgo PS, Radaelli T, et al. Fetal plasma leptin concentrations: relationship with different intrauterine growth patterns from 19 weeks to term. Pediatr Res 2000;48:646–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, et al. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1243–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts TJ, Caston-Balderrama A, Nijland MJ, et al. Central neuropeptide Y stimulates ingestive beha- vior and increases urine output in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279:E494–E500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts TJ, Nijland MJ, Caston-Balderrama A, et al. Central leptin stimulates ingestive behavior and urine flow in the near term ovine fetus. Horm Metab Res 2001;33:144–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey T. The embryologic differentiation of the vestibular nuclei in man correlated with functional devlelopment. International Symposium on Vestibular and Occular Problems. Tokyo: Society of Vestibular Research. University of Tokyo, 1965:51– 6
   Google Scholar
• Hooker D. Fetal reflexes and instinctual processes. Psychosom Med 1942;4:199–20
   Google Scholar
• Starr A, Amlie RN, Martin WH, et al. Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials. Pediatrics 1991;60:831–8
   Google Scholar
• Morlet T, Collet L, Solle B, et al. Functional maturation of cochlear active mechanisms and of the medial olivocochlear system in humans. Acta Otolaringol (Stockholm) 1993;113:271–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlet T, Collet L, Duclaux R, et al. Spontaneous and evoked otoacustical emissions in preterm and full term neonates. Is there a clinical application? Int J Pediatr OtoRhinoLaryngol 1995;33:207–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leader LR, Baille P, Martin B, et al. The assessment and significance of habituation to a repeated stimulus by the human fetus. Early Hum Dev 1982;7:211–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liley AW. Fetus as a person. Speach held at the 8th Meeting of the Psychiatric Societies of Australia and New Zealand. Fetal Ther 1986;1:8–17
   Google Scholar
• Shahidullah S, Hepper P. The developmentalorigins of fetal responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1994;12:143–54
   Google Scholar
• Kisilevsky BS, Pang LH, Hains SMJ. Maturation of human fetal responses to airborne sound in low- and high-risk fetuses. Early Hum Dev 2000;58:179–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huttenlocher PR, deCourten CH. The develop- ment of synapses in the striate cortex of man. Hum Neurobiol 1987;6:1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magoon EH, Robb RM. Development of myelin inhuman optic nerve tract. A light and electron microscopic study. Arch Ophtalmol 1981;99:655–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson AE, Youdelis C. The morphological development of the human foveola. Ophthalmology 1981;91:603–12
   Google Scholar
• Vanhatalo S, van Nieuvenhuizen O. Fetal pain? Brain Dev 2000;22:145–50
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. Development of pain mechanisms. Br Med Bull 1991;47:667–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okado N, Kojim T. Ontogeny of central nervoussystem: neurogenesis, fibre connections, synapto- genesis and myelination in the spinal cord. In Prechtl HFR, ed. Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life. Philadelphia, PA: Lippin- cott, 1984:31–45
   Google Scholar
• Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1321–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand KJS, Phil D, Carr DB. The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress and analgesia in the newborns and children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36;795–82
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. An Update on Current Scientific Knowl- edge. London: Department of Health, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Holstege G. Descending motor pathways and thespinal motor system: limbic and non-limbic com- ponents. Prog Brain Res 1991;87:307–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannakoulopoulos X, Sepulveda W, Kourtis P, et al. Fetal plasma cortisol and beta endorphin response to intrauterine needling. Lancet 1994; 344:77–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannakoulopolous X, Teixeira J, Fisk N, et al. Human fetal and maternal noradernaline responses to invasive procedures. Pediatr Res 1999;45:494–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith RP, Gitau R, Glover V, et al. Pain and stress in the human fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;92:161–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand KJS, Sippell WG, Aynsley-Green A. Rando- mized trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects of the stress response. Lancet 1987;1:62–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinsburg R, Kopelman BI, Anand KJS, et al. Physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses to a single fentanyl dose in intubated and ventilated preterm neonates. J Pediatr 1998;132:954–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand KJS. Clinical importance of pain and stress in preterm neonates. Biol Neonate1998;73:319–24
   Google Scholar
• Uno H, Lohmiller L, Thieme C, et al. Brain damage induced by prenatal exposure to dexamethasone in fetal rhesus macaques. I. Hippocampus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1990;53:157–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunau RVE, Whitfield MF, Petrie JH, et al. Early pain experience, child and family factors, as precursors of somatization: a prospective study of extremely premature infants and fulterm children. Pain 1994;56:353–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddio A, Katz J, Ilerich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997;349:599–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue M, Koyanagi T, Nakahara H. Functionaldevelopment of human eye-movement in utero assessed quantitatively with real-time ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:170–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aserinski E, Kleitman N. Two types of occularmotility occuring in sleep. J Appl Physiol 1955; 8:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmelee AH, Stern E. Development of states in infants. In Clemente CD, Purpura DP, Mayer FE, eds. Sleep and the Maturing Central Nervous System. New York: Academic Press, 1972:100–215
   Google Scholar
• Ruckenbush Y, Gaujoux M, Eghbali B. Sleep cycles and kinesis in the fetal lamb. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1977;42:226–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly DD. Sleep and dreaming. In Kandell ER, Schwartz JH, eds. Principles of Neural Science, 2nd edn. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1985:651
   Google Scholar
• Seron Ferre M, Torres C, Parraguez VH, et al. Perinatal neuroendocrine regulation. Development of the circadian time-keeping system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;186:169–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanececk J. Celluler mechnisms of melatonin action. Physiol Rev 1998;78:687–721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yie SM, Niles LP, Younglavi EV. Melatoninreceptors on human granulosa cell membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1747–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morokuma S, Fukushima K, Kawai N, et al. Fetal habituation correlates with functional brain devel- opment. Behav Brain Res 2004; in press
   Google Scholar