Morbidity and mortality patterns in small-for-gestational age infants born preterm

References

• McIntire DD, Bloom SL, Casey BM, Leveno KJ. Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1234–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJP. Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;49:270–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westby Wold SH, Sommerfelt K, Reigstad H, Rønnestad A, Medbø S, Farstad T, Kaaresen PI, Støen R, Leversen KT, Irgens LM, et al. Neonatal mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm small for gestational age infants: a population based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009;94:F363–F367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, McKay K, Rosenkrantz TS, Hussain N. Comparisons of mortality and pre-discharge respiratory outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age premature infants. BMC Pediatr 2004;8:4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Regev RH, Lusky A, Dolfin T, Litmanovitz I, Arnon S, Reichman B; Israel Neonatal Network. Excess mortality and morbidity among small-for-gestational-age premature infants: a population-based study. J Pediatr 2003;143:186–191.
   Google Scholar
• Garite TJ, Clark R, Thorp JA. Intrauterine growth restriction increases morbidity and mortality among premature neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:481–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein IM, Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Ohlsson A, Golan A. Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. The Vermont Oxford Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin J, El Ayoubi M, Jarreau PH, Draper ES, Blondel B, Künzel W, Cuttini M, Kaminski M, Gortner L, Van Reempts P, et al. Impact of fetal growth restriction on mortality and morbidity in a very preterm birth cohort. J Pediatr 2010;157:733–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardin C, Zelkowitz P, Papageorgiou A. Outcome of small-for-gestational age and appropriate-for-gestational age infants born before 27 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 1997;100:E4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander GR, Kogan MD, Himes JH. 1994–1996 U.S. singleton birth weight percentiles for gestational age by race, Hispanic origin, and gender. Matern Child Health J 1999;3:225–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballard JL, Khoury JC, Wedig K, Wang L, Eilers-Walsman BL, Lipp R. New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. J Pediatr 1991;119:417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson JE, Kennedy K, Broyles S, Rosenfeld CR. The small for gestational age infant: accelerated or delayed pulmonary maturation? Increased or decreased survival? Pediatrics 1995;95:534–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhages: a study of infants with birthweights less than 1500 g. J Pediatr 1978;92:529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Frigin RD, Keating JP, Marshall R, Barton L, Brotherton T. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: therapeutic decisions based on clinical staging. Ann Surg 1978;187:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraldi E, Carraro S, Filippone M. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: definitions and long-term respiratory outcome. Early Hum Dev 2009;85(10 Suppl):S1–S3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ICROP Committee of classification of late stages of ROP. An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. II. The classification of technical detachment. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:906–912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan A, King JF, Flenady V, Haslam RH, Tudehope DI. Classification of perinatal deaths: development of the Australian and New Zealand classifications. J Paediatr Child Health 2004;40:340–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels DB, Kreienbrock L, Dammann O, Wenzlaff P, Poets CF. Population based study on the outcome of small for gestational age newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F53–F59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper JM, Xenakis EM, McFarland M, Elliott BD, Berkus MD, Langer O. Do growth-retarded premature infants have different rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality than appropriately grown premature infants? Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Piazzi G, Baltaro F, Stronati M, Ometto A. Significance of low birthweight for gestational age among very preterm infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:668–673
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bancher-Todesca D, Lee A, Dadak C, Weninger M, Kainz C. Morbidity and mortality of retarded and normal weight premature infants. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 1995;199:54–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palta M, Gabbert D, Weinstein MR, Peters ME. Multivariate assessment of traditional risk factors for chronic lung disease in very low birth weight neonates. The Newborn Lung Project. JPediatr 1991;119:285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhonen P, Tammela O, Koivisto AM, Laippala P, Ikonen S. Frequency and risk factors in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a cohort of very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev 1999;54:245–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lal MK, Manktelow BN, Draper ES, Field DJ; Population-based study. Chronic lung disease of prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation: a population-based study. Pediatrics 2003;111:483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe AH, Ikegami M. Mechanisms initiating lung injury in the preterm. Early Hum Dev 1998;53:81–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speer CP. Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Neonatol 2003;8:29–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenough A. Late respiratory outcomes after preterm birth. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:785–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maritz GS, Cock ML, Louey S, Suzuki K, Harding R. Fetal growth restriction has long-term effects on postnatal lung structure in sheep. Pediatr Res 2004;55:287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitti J, Krohn MA, Patton DL, Tarezy-Hornoch P, Hillier SL, Cassen EM, Eschenbach DA. Amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factor-a and the risk of respiratory distress syndrome among preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarilyo G, Oren A, Mimouni FB, Ochshorn Y, Deutsch V, Mandel D. Increased cord serum inflammatory markers in small-for-gestational-age neonates. J Perinatol 2011;31:30–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniwale MA, Ehrenkranz RA. The role of nutrition in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2006;30:200–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancel PY, Marret S, Larroque B, Arnaud C, Zupan-Simunek V, Voyer M, Rozé JC, Matis J, Burguet A, Ledésert B, et al. Are maternal hypertension and small-for-gestational age riskfactors for severe intraventricular hemorrhage and cysticperiventricular leukomalacia? Results of the EPIPAGEcohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:178–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gluckman PD, Cutfield W, Hofman P, Hanson MA. The fetal, neonatal, and infant environments-the long-term consequences for disease risk. Early Hum Dev 2005;81:51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar