A prospective and controlled in vivo study to determine if acute episodes of high glucose concentrations in the extra-embryonic celomic cavity could be related to spontaneous abortion

References

• Pereda TJ, Motta PM. New advances in human embryology: morphofunctional relationship between the embryo and the yolk sac. Med Electron Microsc 1999;32:67–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, De Leon-Luis J, Espinoza J, Gonçalves LF, Romero R. Solutes in maternal circulation and gestational sac compartments during early human development. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006;21:287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon-Luis J, Santolaya-Forgas J. Catalog of solutes measured in paired extraembryonic celomic fluid and maternal serum samples. J Reprod Med 2006;51:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, Duval J, Prespin C, Vengalil S, Kushwaha A, Wilson L, Fortman J. Extracoelomic fluid osmometry and electrolyte composition during early gestation in the baboon. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1124–1127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapoor N, Sankaran S, Hyer S, Shehata H. Diabetes in pregnancy: a review of current evidence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007;19:586–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Frías ML. Epidemiological analysis of outcomes of pregnancy in diabetic mothers: identification of the most characteristic and most frequent congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1994;51:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizard J, Ville Y. The fetus of a diabetic mother: sonographic evaluation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;14:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece EA. The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece EA, Pinter E, Homko C, Wu YK, Naftolin F. The yolk sac theory: closing the circle on why diabetes-associated malformations occur. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1994;1:3–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadler LS, Robinson LK, Msall ME. Diabetic embryopathy: possible pathogenesis. Am J Med Genet 1995;55:363–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinter E, Reece EA, Ogburn PL Jr, Turner S, Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Naftolin F. Fatty acid content of yolk sac and embryo in hyperglycemia-induced embryopathy and effect of arachidonic acid supplementation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1484–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath AK, Enciso J, Kuniyasu M, Hao XY, Madri JA, Pinter E. Nitric oxide modulates murine yolk sac vasculogenesis and rescues glucose induced vasculopathy. Development 2004;131:2485–2496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece EA, Ma XD, Wu YK, Dhanasekaran D. Aberrant patterns of cellular communication in diabetes-induced embryopathy. I. Membrane signalling. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;11:249–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Gulbis B, Collins WP, Zaidi J, Campbell S. Investigation of the acid-base balance of coelomic and amniotic fluids in early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1365–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, Deleon-Luis J, Galan I. Can extra-embryonic celomic fluid be partially replaced with stem-cell culture medium? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:232–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEwen BS, Reagan LP. Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;490:13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece EA, Homko CJ. Prepregnancy care and the prevention of fetal malformations in the pregnancy complicated by diabetes. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007;50:990–997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadler TW. Effects of maternal diabetes on early embryogenesis: II. Hyperglycemia-induced exencephaly. Teratology 1980;21:349–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shum L, Sadler TW. Biochemical basis for D,L,-beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced teratogenesis. Teratology 1990;42:553–563.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michael Weindling A. Offspring of diabetic pregnancy: short-term outcomes. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;14:111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibai BM, Ross MG. Hypertension in gestational diabetes mellitus: pathophysiology and long-term consequences. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece EA. Obesity, diabetes, and links to congenital defects: a review of the evidence and recommendations for intervention. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore TH. Can the findings of recent randomized trials of treatment or no treatment of gestational diabetes be used for changing current treatment approaches? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:214–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury MJ, Becerra JE, Cordero JF, Erickson JD. Clinical-epidemiologic assessment of pattern of birth defects associated with human teratogens: application to diabetic embryopathy. Pediatrics 1989;84:658–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson UJ. Congenital anomalies in diabetic pregnancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;14:85–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece EA, Eriksson UJ. The pathogenesis of diabetes-associated congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996;23:29–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergul A, Li W, Elgebaly MM, Bruno A, Fagan SC. Hyperglycemia, diabetes and stroke: focus on the cerebrovasculature. Vascul Pharmacol 2009;51:44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini SR, Kent TA. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: a vascular perspective. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007;27:435–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001;414:813–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, Vengalil S, Meyer W, Fortman J. Transvaginal ultrasonographic (TVS) evaluation of baboon gestation from 37–62 days postconception. Am J Primatol 1997;43:323–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, De Leon-Luis J, Friel LA, Wolf R. Application of Carnegie stages of development to unify human and baboon ultrasound findings early in pregnancy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007;33:1400–1405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, Vengalil S, Kushwaha A, Bieniarz A, Fortman J. Assessment of the risk of fetal loss after the coelocentesis procedure using a baboon model. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998;13:257–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, De Leon-Luis J, Shen Z, McCorquodale M. Chromosomal studies on 2 mL of celomic fluid obtained during the fifth week of development in the timed-pregnant baboon model. J Reprod Med 2005;50:692–696.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makrydimas G, Georgiou I, Kranas V, Kaponis A, Lolis D. Prenatal paternity testing using DNA extracted from coelomic cells. Fetal Diagn Ther 2004;19:75–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santolaya-Forgas J, De Leon-Luis J, Wilkins-Haugh L. Celocentesis for in utero stem cell therapy: where we now stand and future directions. Am J Perinatol 2007;24:277–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereda J, Correr S, Motta PM. The structure of the human yolk sac: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Arch Histol Cytol 1994;57:107–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupesic S, Kurjak A. Volume and vascularity of the yolk sac assessed by three-dimensional and power doppler ultrasound. Early Pregnancy 2001;5:40–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereda J, Niimi G. Embryonic erythropoiesis in human yolk sac: two different compartments for two different processes. Microsc Res Tech 2008;71:856–862.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flamme I, Frölich T, Risau W. Molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis and embryonic angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 1997;173:206–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV, Stamatovic SM, Shakui P, Ennis SR. Ischemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005;95:399–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei J, Cohen DM, Quast MJ. Effects of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on focal cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003;23:556–564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park JL, Loberg RD, Duquaine D, Zhang H, Deo BK, Ardanaz N, Coyle J, et al. GLUT4 facilitative glucose transporter specifically and differentially contributes to agonist-induced vascular reactivity in mouse aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1596–1602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar