Feeding tolerance of preterm infants appropriate for gestational age (AGA) as compared to those small for gestational age (SGA)

References

• Kliegman RM. Models of the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr 1990;117:S2–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll BJ. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 1994;21:205–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AM, Bizzarro MJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns: pathogenesis, prevention and management. Drugs 2008;68:1227–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu J, Zhang L. Feeding intolerance in very-low-birth weight infants: what is it and what can we do about it? Acta Paediat 2005;94:93–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanler RJ. Enteral nutrition for high risk neonates. In: Ballard RA, ed. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2005
   Google Scholar
• De Curtis M, Rigo J. The nutrition of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88:S5–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berseth CL, Bisquera JA, Paje VU. Prolonging small feeding volumes early in life decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003;111:529–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn L, Hulman S, Weiner J, et al. Beneficial effects of early hypocaloric enteral feeding on neonatal gastrointestinal function: preliminary report of a randomized trial. J Pediatr 1988;112:622–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slagle Ta, Gross SJ. Effect of early low volume enteral substrate on subsequent feeding tolerance in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 1988;113:526–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berseth CL. Effect of early feeding on maturation of the preterm infants’ small intestine. J Pediatr 1992;120:947–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soregaroli M, Bonera R, Danti L, et al. Prognostic role of umbilical artery doppler velocimetry in growth-restricted fetuses. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;11:199–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robel-Tillig E, Knupfer M, Pulzer F, et al. Blood flow parameters of the superior mesenteric artery as an early predictor of intestinal dysmotility in preterm infants. Pediatr Radiol 2004;34:958–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robel-Tillig E, Vogtmann C, Faber R. Postnatal intestinal disturbances in small-for-gestational-age premature infants after prenatal haemodynamic disturbances. Acta Paediatr 2000;89:324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touloukian RJ, Posch JN, Spencer R. The pathogenesis of ischemic gastroenterocolitis of the neonate: selective gut mucosal ischemia in asphyxiated neonatal piglets. J Pediatr Surg 1972;7:194–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig SD, Beach ML, Harvey-Wilkes KB, et al. Ultrasound predictors of neonatal outcome in intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Perinatol 1996;13:465–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama K, Koizumi T. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity in small for gestational age infants of very low birth weight during the early neonatal period. J Perinat Med 2001;29:64–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froen JF, Gardosi JO, Thurmann A, et al. Restricted foetal growth in sudden intrauterine unexplained death. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:801–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Obstetric Practice. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Number 210, October 1998 (Replaces Number 147, December 1994). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999;64:334–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertino E, Spada E, Occhi L, et al. Neonatal anthropometric charts: the Italian neonatal study compared with other European studies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51:353–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The International Neonatal Network. The CRIB (clinical risk index for babies) score: a tool for assessing initial neonatal risk and comparing performance of neonatal intensive care units. Lancet. 1993;24:193–8
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein IM, Horbar JD, Badger GJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birthweight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;19:CD004454
   Google Scholar
• Bauer CR, Morrison JC, Poole WK, et al. A decreased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after prenatal glucocorticoid therapy. Pediatrics 1984;73:682–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costalos C, Gounaris A, Sevastiadou S, et al. The effect of antenatal corticosteroids on gut peptides of preterm infants – a matched group comparison: corticosteroids and gut development. Early Hum Dev 2003;74:83–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker-Wills E, Berseth CL. Antenatal steroids enhance maturation of small intestinal motor activity in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 1996;39:193A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kari MA, Hallman M, Eronen M, et al. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with rescue therapy of human surfactant: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study. Pediatrics 1994;93:730–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padbury JF, Ervin MG, Polk DH. Extrapulmonary effects of antenatally administered steroids. J Pediatr 1996;128:167–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanowitz TD, Yao AC, Pettigrew KD, et al. Postnatal hemodynamic changes in very-low-birth weight infants. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:370–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doell RG, Kretchmer N. Intestinal invertase: precocious development of activity after injection of hydrocortisone. Science 1964;143:42–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koldovski O, Sunshine P. Effect of cortisone on the developmental pattern of the neutral and the acid β-galactosidase of the small intestine of the rat. Biochem J 1970;117:467–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henning SJ. Functional development of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Johnson LR, ed. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1987
   Google Scholar
• Watkins JB, Szcepanik P, Gould JB, et al. Lester Bile salt metabolism in the human premature infant: preliminary observations of pool size and synthesis rate following prenatal administration of dexamethasone and phenobarbital. Gastroenterology 1975;69:706–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa M, Menard D, Semenza G, et al. The expression of lactase enzymatic activity and mRNA in human fetal jejunum. Effect of organ culture and of treatment with hydrocortisone. FEBS Lett 1992;301:202–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzetti V, Paterlini G, Meroni V, et al. Evaluation of splanchnic oximetry, Doppler flow velocimetry in the superior mesenteric artery and feeding tolerance in very low birth weight IUGR and non-IUGR infants receiving bolus Versus continuous enteral nutrition. BMC Pediatr 2012;12:106 [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar