References
- Wollmann HA. Intrauterine growth restriction: definition and etiology. Horm Res 1988;49:1–6
- Economides DL, Nicolaides KH. Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:385–9
- Magnusson AL, Powell T, Wennergren M, et al. Glucose metabolism in the human preterm and term placenta of IUGR fetuses. Placenta 2004;25:337–46
- Marconi AM, Cetin I, Davoli E, et al. An evaluation of fetal glucogenesis in intrauterine growth-retarded pregnancies. Metabolism 1993;42:860–4
- Gluckman PD, Harding JE. The physiology and pathophysiology of intrauterine growth retardation. Horm Res 1997;48:11–16
- Sheikh S, Satoskar P, Bhartiya D. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and placental growth hormone mRNA in placentae: a comparison between normal and intrauterine growth retardation pregnancies. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:287–92
- Arroyo JA, Winn VD. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the IUGR placenta. Semin Perinatol 2008;32:172–7
- Ahmed A, Perkins J. Angiogenesis and intrauterine growth restriction. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000;14:981–98
- Maulik D, Frances Evans J, Ragolia L. Fetal growth restriction: pathogenic mechanisms. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;49:219--27
- Pardi G, Marconi AM, Cetin I. Pathophysiology of intrauterine growth retardation: role of the placenta. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1997;423:170–2
- Turan OM., Turan S, Baschat AA, et al. Progression of Doppler abnormailities in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:160–7
- Chen CP, Bajoria R, Aplin JD. Decreased vascularization and cell proliferation in placentas of intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:764–9
- Mayhew TM, Charnock-Jones DS, Kaufmann P. Aspects of human fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. III. Changes in complicated pregnancies. Placenta 2004;25:127–39
- Ferrara N. VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:795–803
- Gourvas V, Dalpa E, Konstantinidou A, et al. Angiogenic factors in placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (review). Mol Med Report 2012;6:23–7
- Demir R, Seval Y, Huppertz B. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the early human placenta. Acta Histochem 2007;109:257–65
- Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003;9:669–76
- Tammela T, Enholm B, Alitalo K, Paavonen K. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. Cardiovasc Res 2005;65:550–63
- Kotani T, Sumigama S, Tsuda H, et al. A case report of placental mesenchymal dysplasia with an increased VEGF-D expression. Placenta 2012;33:888–91
- Otrock ZK, Makarem JA, Shamseddine AI. Vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands and receptors: review. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007;38:258–68
- Shore VH, Wang TH, Wang CL, et al. Vascular endoethelial growth factor, placenta grwoth factor and their receptors in isolated human trophoblast. Placenta 1997;18:657–65
- Hood JD, Meininger CJ, Ziche M, Granger HJ. VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein, and NO production in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998;274:H1054–8
- Jackson MR, Walsh AJ, Morrow RJ, et al. Reduced placental villous tree elaboration in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies: relationship with umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:518–25
- Teasdale F. Idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation: histomorphometry of the human placenta. Placenta 1984;5:83–92
- Andraweera PH, Dekker GA, Roberts CT. The vascular endothelial growth factor family in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:436–57
- Luttun A, Brusselmans K, Fukao H, et al. Loss of placental growth factor protects mice against vascular permeability in pathological conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;295:428–34
- Odorisio T, Schietroma C, Zaccaria ML, et al. Mice overexpressing placenta growth factor exhibit increased vascularization and vessel permeability. J Cell Sci 2002;115:2559–67
- Rutland CS, Mukhopadhyay M, Underwood S, et al. Induction of intrauterine growth restriction by reducing placental vascular growth with the angioinhibin TNP-470. Biol Reprod 2005;73:1164–73
- Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Cortes-Flores R, et al. No association between polymorphisms/haplotypes of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011;16:11--35
- Cerdeira AS, Karumanchi SA. Angiogenic factors in preeclampsia and related disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012;2:1--18
- Börzsönyi B, Demendi C, Pajor A, et al. Gene expression patterns of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 enzyme in human placenta from intrauterine growth restriction: the role of impaired feto-maternal glucocorticoid metabolism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;161:12–17
- Börzsönyi B, Demendi C, Nagy Z, et al. Gene expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in human placenta from pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction. J Perinat Med 2011;39:701–7
- Lash G, MacPherson A, Liu D, et al. Abnormal fetal growth is not associated with altered chorionic villous expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:1093–8
- Lyall F, Young A, Boswell F, et al. Placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in placentae from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction does not support placental hypoxia at delivery. Placenta 1997;18:269–76