143
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES IN PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE

The Fourth Amendment and Random Drug Testing of People With Chronic Pain

Pages 42-48 | Accepted 15 Dec 2010, Published online: 24 Mar 2011

REFERENCES

  • Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 109th Cong, 1st Sess (March 1, 2005) (testimony of Scott Gottlieb, MD, Deputy Commissioner for Medical and Scientific Affairs, Food and Drug Administration).
  • Pain & Policy Studies Group, Achieving Balance in State Pain Policy: A Progress Report Card, 4th ed. (Madison: Pain & Policy Studies Group, University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2008): at 2, 5.
  • Drugs, Police and the Law: Pain Medication, Drug Policy Alliance Web site, at: http://www.drugpolicy.org/law/painmedicati/ (last accessed October 19, 2010).
  • M. Collen, “FDA's Risk Evalution and Mitigation Strategies Program—Proceed with Extreme Caution,” Practical Pain Management 10 no. 2 (2010): 50–51, at 50–51; see Drugs, supra note 3.
  • B. Meier, “Move to Restrict Pain Killers Puts Onus on Doctors,” The New York Times Web site, at: http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/07/29/business/29pain.html (last accessed October 19, 2010); C. M. Ostrum and L. C. Williams, “New State Pain-Medication Law Has Doctors and Patients Nervous,” The Seattle Times, at: http://seattletimes. nwsource.com/html/localnews/2012873602_drugs12m.html (last accessed October 19, 2010); see Drug Policy Alliance, supra note 3.
  • See Collen, supra note 4, at 50.
  • HB 2876–2009-10 Concerning Pain Management, Washington State Legislature, at: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/ summary.aspx?bill=2876&year=2010 (last accessed October 19, 2010); Pain Management—Draft Pattern Rules Contains Workgroup Consensus to Date and Additional Provisions Not Yet Discussed, Department of Health Web site, Washington State, at: http://www.doh.wa.gov/hsqa/ Professions/PainManagement/files/draftpr.pdf (last accessed October 19, 2010); see Meier, supra note 5.
  • Wright 4th C, Schnoll S, and Bernstein D. “Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies for Drugs with Abuse Liability Public Interest, Special Interest, Conflicts of Interest, and the Industry Perspective,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1141 (2008): 284–303, at 285.
  • Ferrell B, Levy MH, and Paice J, “Managing Pain From Advanced Cancer in the Palliative Care Setting,” Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 12 no. 4 (2008): 575–581, at 577–579; R. Chou, “2009 Clinical Guidelines from the American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine on the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain: What Are the Key Messages for Clinical Practice?,” Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, 119, no. 7–8 (2009): 469–477, at 469, 474.
  • Fishman S. “How Law Enforcement Impacts Pain Management Practice,” Improving Pain Management in California: Next Steps, A forum sponsored by the Northern California Pain Initiative, American Cancer Society, California Divisions Inc., Sacramento, California, December 5, 2008.
  • Nolo's Plain English Law Dictionary, at: http://www.nolo.com/ dictionary/controlled-substance-term.html (last accessed October 20, 2010).
  • 21 USC CHAPTER 13—Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (2010), Federal Government Web site, at: http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/21C13.txt (last accessed October 20, 2010).
  • Breuer B, Pappagallo M, and Portenoy R. A national Survey on Pain Management Practices in the United States, 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Pain Society, American Pain Society Web site, at: http://www. ampainsoc.org/db2/abstract/view?poster_id=3007#100 (last accessed October 20, 2010).
  • Collen M, “Analysis of Controlled Substance Agreements from Private Practice Physicians,” Journal of Pain & Palliative Care PharmacBookapy 23, no. 4 (2009): 357–364, at 360–363; S. M. Fishman, T. B. Bandman, A. Edwards, and D. Borsook, “The Opioid Contract in the Management of Chronic Pain,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 18, no. 1 (1999): 27–37, at 28.
  • See Collen, supra note 14, at 360.
  • Id.
  • Katz NP, Sherburne S, Beach M, Rose RJ, Vielguth J, Bradley J, and Fanciullo GJ. “Behavioral Monitoring and Urine Toxicology Testing in Patients Receiving Long-term Opioid Therapy,” Anesthesia & Analgesia 97, no. 4 (2003): 1097–1102, at 1097; A. N. Nafziger and J. S. Bertino Jr., “Utility and Application of Urine Drug testing in Chronic Pain Management with Opioids,” Clinical Journal of Pain 25, no. 1 (2009): 73–79, at 73; G. M. Reisfeld, E. Salazar, and R. L. Bertholf, “Rational Use and Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing in Chronic Opioid Therapy,” Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 37, no. 4 (2007): 301–314, at 301; H. A. Heit, and D. L. Gourlay, “Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 27, no. 3 (2004): 260–267, at 260.
  • Fishman SM, Wilsey B, Yang J, Reisfeld GM, Bandman TB, and Borsook D. “Adherence Monitoring and Drug Surveillance in Chronic Opioid Therapy,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 20, no. 4 (2000): 293–307, at 298; see Reisfeld et al., supra note 17, at 301.
  • Arnold RM, Han PK, and Seltzer D. “Opioid Contracts in Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Management: Objectives and Uncertainties,” American Journal of Medicine 119, no. 4 (2006): 292–296, at 293; see Nafziger et al., supra note 17, at 73.
  • See Reisfeld et al., supra note 17, at 301; see Heit et al., supra note 17, at 261; see Nafziger et al., supra note 17, at 73.
  • Katz N and G. Fanciullo J. “Role of Urine Toxicology Testing in the Management of Chronic Opioid Therapy,” Clininical Journal of Pain 18, no. 4, Supplement (2002): S76–S82, at S76; D. L. Gourlay, H. A. Heit, and A. Almahrezi, “Universal Precautions in Pain Medicine: A Rational Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Pain,” Pain Medicine 6, no. 2 (2005): 107–112, at 108; see Katz et al., supra note 17, at 1097; see Nafziger et al., supra note 17, at 73.
  • Cai R, Crane E, Poneleit K, Paulozzi L, “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Emergency Department Visits Involving Nonmedical Use of Selected Prescription Drugs—United States, 2004–2008,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59, no. 23 (2010): 705–709 at 705, 709; A. J. Hall, J. E. Logan, R. L. Toblin, J. A. Kaplan, J. C. Kraner, D. Bixler, A. E. Crosby, and L. J. Paulozzi, “Patterns of Abuse Among Unintentional Pharmaceutical Overdose Fatalities,” JAMA 300, no. 22 (2008): 2613–2620, at 2613, 2617, 2619; see Collen, supra note 4, at 50.
  • Fishman SM, and Kreis PG. “The Opioid Contract,” Clinical Journal of Pain 18, no. 4, Supplement (2002): S70–S75, at S70–S71, S74; see Fishman et al., supra note 14, at 27, 35; see Arnold et al., supra note 19, at 294; see Fishman et al., supra note 18, at 297.
  • Starrels JL, Becker WC, Alford DP, Kapoor A, Williams AR, and Turner BJ, “Systematic Review: Treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain,” Annals of Internal Medicine 152, no. 11 (2010): 712–720, at 717–718; R. Chou, G. J. Fanciullo, P. G. Fine, C. Miaskowski, S. D. Passik, and R. K. Portenoy, “Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain: Prediction and Identifcation of Aberrant Drug-Related Behaviors: A Review of the Evidence for an American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline,” Journal of Pain 10, no. 2 (2009): 131–446, at 137; see Nafziger et al., supra note 17, at 78; see Fishman et al., supra note 18, at 297.
  • Pergolizzi J, Pappagallo M, Stauffer J, Gharibo C, Fortner N, de Jesus M, Brennan MJ, Richmond C, and Hussey D. “The Role of Urine Drug Testing for Patients on Opioid Therapy,” Pain Practice [Epub ahead of print] (2010): 1–11, at 6, 10; B. Nicholson and S. D. Passik, “Management of Chronic Noncancer Pain in the Primary Care Setting,” Southern Medical Journal 100, no. 10 (2007): 1028–1036, at 1031, 1033, 1034; S. Atluri, M.V. Boswell, H. C. Hansen, A. M. Trescot, V. Singh, and A. E. Jordan, “Guidelines for the Use of Controlled Substances in the Management of Chronic Pain,” Pain Physician 6, no. 3 (2003): 233–257, at 245, 247, 249, 251; see Chou, supra note 9, at 470.
  • Lab co. CEO gives $2M for UW pain research, Puget Sound Business Journal Web site, at: http://www.bizjournals.com/ seattle/stories/2010/07/12/daily7.html (last accessed October 20, 2010); see Meier, supra note 5; see Pain, supra note 7, at 4.
  • United States Constitution, Bill of Rights, Cornell University Law School Web site, at: http://topics.law.cornell.edu/ constitution/billofrights (last accessed October 20, 2010).
  • United States Constitution, 14th Amendment, Cornell University Law School Web site, at: http://topics.law.cornell. edu/constitution/amendmentxiv (last accessed October 20, 2010).
  • Grad FP. The Public Health Law Manual, 3rd ed. (Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005): at 43.
  • New Jersey, 469 U.S. 325, at 333 quoting Justice Potter Stewart in Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, at 213 (1960).
  • Ferguson v. City of Charleston, 532 U.S. 67, at 76 (2001) ; New Jersey v. T. L. O., 469 U.S. 325, at 335–337 (1985).
  • See Fishman et al., supra note 14, at 31.
  • See Pain, supra note 7 at 4–5.
  • Skinner v. Railway Lab. Execs. Ass'n, 489 U.S. 602, at 617 (1989).
  • Id., at 614.
  • Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 617; Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, at 767–768 (1966).
  • Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, at 219 (1973).
  • Id.
  • Id., at 227.
  • Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, at 602 (1961).
  • Garner BA, ed., Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th ed. (St. Paul: Thomson-Reuters, 2009): at 294.
  • Feinberg J. Harm to Self: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): at 145–150.
  • The term “circumstantial coercion” was used in State v. Spraggin, 71 Wis.2d 604 at 629 (1976) and was mentioned in regards to the circumstances surrounding jury deliberations. The jury deliberated late into the night and rendered a verdict at 12:45 am. The defendant asserted the jury was given the “potentially coercive impression” they would have to deliberate all night until they reached a verdict. The facts showed the court asked both counsels throughout the night for comments or suggestions regarding the jury deliberations and neither provided any feedback. Judge Edwin C. Dahlberg wrote in his opinion, “Any circumstantial coercion was a product of the defendant's tacit acquiescence, not an abuse of the trial court's discretion.”
  • Campos v. Portuondo, 320 F.3d 185, at 187 (2003).
  • Honore v. Washington State Board of Prison Terms and Paroles, 77 Wash.2d 697 at 698 (1970).
  • Bass Custom Landscapes, Inc., v. Cunard, 258 Ga.App 617, at 621 (2002), Baker v. Hacron, Inc., 303 Ga.App. 749, at 755 (2010), Rayburn v. Georgia Power Co., 284 Ga.App 131, at 134 (2007).
  • United States v. Casallas, 59 F.3d 1173, at 1178 (1995).
  • Id., Campos, 320 F.3d 185, at 187, Honore, 77 Wash.2d 697 at 698, Bass Custom Landscapes, 258 Ga.App 617, at 621, Baker, 303 Ga.App. 749, at 755, Rayburn, 284 Ga.App 131, at 134.
  • Schneckloth, 412 U.S. 218, at 227.
  • See Pain, supra note 2.
  • Salmon P, and Young B. “Dependence and Caring in Clinical Communication: The Relevance of Attachment and Other Theories,” Patient Education and Counseling 74, no. 3 (2009): 331–338, at 332; M. McCoy, “Autonomy, Consent, and Medical Paternalism: Legal Issues in Medical Intervention,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14, no. 6 (2008): 785–792, at 786.
  • Spanswick C. “What Chronic Pain Looks Like to the Clinician,” in S. Rashiq, D. Schopfocher, P. Taenzer, E. Jonsson, eds., Chronic Pain: A Health Policy Perspective (Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2008): at 94–96; M. R. Dibben, S. E. Morris, and M. E. Lean, “Situational Trust and Co-operative Partnerships Between Physicians and Their Patients: A Theoretical Explanation Transferable from Business Practice,” Quarterly Journal of Medicine 93, no. 1 (2000): 55–61, at 55; E. Schei, “Doctoring as Leadership: The Power to Heal,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49, no. 3 (2006): 393–406, at 397; E. J. Cassell, A. C. Leon, and S. G. Kaufman, “Preliminary Evidence of Impaired Thinking in Sick Patients,” Annals of Internal Medicine 134 no. 12 (2001): 1120–1123, at 1120; M. Collen, “The Case for Pain Insomnia Depression Syndrome (PIDS): A Symptom Cluster in Chronic Nonmalignant Pain,” Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 22, no. 3 (2008): 221–225, at 222–223.
  • Breuer B, Pappagallo M, Tai JY, and Portenoy RK. “U.S. board-certified pain physician practices: uniformity and census data of their locations,” The Journal of Pain 8, no. 3 (2007): 244–250, at 248.
  • Schneckloth, 412 U.S. 218 at 228.
  • Id., at 229.
  • Collen M. “Opioid Contracts and Random Drug Testing for People with Chronic Pain—Think Twice,” Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 4 (2009): 841–845, at 37(4): 841–845, at 841–842, 844.
  • Hunter ND. The Law of Emergencies: Public Health and Disaster Management (Burlington: Elsevier, Inc., 2009): at 266–267.
  • New Jersey, 469 U.S. 325, at 351.
  • Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County V. Earls, 536 U.S. 822 (2002); Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995).
  • Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union v. Von Raab, 489 U.S. 656 (1989).
  • Skinner, 489 U.S. 602 (1989).
  • Ferguson, 532 U.S. 67, at 70–73.
  • Id., at 70.
  • Id., at 73.
  • Id., at 81.
  • Id., at 73.
  • Id., at 82–83.
  • Id., at 86.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings (2010) (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10–4856 Findings): at 2, 6, 16, 28, 52–53, 74–75, 83; Background on Opioid REMS, Food and Drug Administration Web site, at: http://www.fda.gov/ Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm187975.htm (last accessed October 20, 2010); K. M. Dunn, K. W. Saunders, C. M. Rutter, C. J. Banta-Green, J. O. Merrill, M. D. Sullivan, C. M. Weisner, M. J. Silverberg, C. I. Campbell, B. M. Psaty, and M. Von Korff, “Opioid Prescriptions for Chronic Pain and Overdose: A Cohort Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 152, no. 2 (2010): 85–92, at 85, 89–90.
  • Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 834; Vernonia, 515 U.S. 646, at 660–664; Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union, 489 U.S. 656, at 666; Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 621.
  • Long-term Controlled Substances Therapy for Chronic Pain, SAMPLE AGREEMENT, American Academy of Pain Medicine Web site, at: http://www.painmed.org/Workarea/ DownloadAsset.aspx?id=3203 (last accessed October 20, 2010); Prescribing Issue, Opioid Agreements & Contracts, American Academy of Pain Medicine Web site, at: http://www. aapainmanage.org/literature/Articles/OpioidAgreements.pdf (last accessed October 20, 2010); see Collen, supra note14, at 360; See Pain, supra note 7, at 5.
  • See Pain, supra note 7, at 5.
  • See Long-term, supra note 71.
  • See Prescribing, supra note 71.
  • Ferguson, 532 U.S. 67, at 83–84; Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 829, 833; Vernonia School Dist. 47J, 515 U.S. 646, at 658; Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union, 489 U.S. 656, at 665–666; Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 620–621.
  • Ferguson, 532 U.S. 67, at 78.
  • Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 829.
  • Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 626.
  • Board of Education, 822, at 832; Vernonia School Dist. 47J, 515 U.S. 646, at 654; Nat'l Treas. Emp., 489 U.S. 656, at 671; Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 616.
  • Vernonia School Dist. 47J, 515 U.S. 646, at 658.
  • Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 833; Vernonia School Dist. 47J, 515 U.S. 646, at 658; Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union, 489 U.S. 656, at 663, 666.
  • See Collen, supra note 14, at 360.
  • See Substance, supra note 69; see Backgroud, supra note 69; see Dunn, supra note 69.
  • Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 834; Vernonia School Dist. 47J, 515 U.S. 646, at 660; Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union, 489 U.S. 656, at 676, Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 632.
  • Nat'l Treas. Emp. Union, 489 U.S. 656, at 673, Justice Kennedy quoting from Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, at 659 (1979).
  • Board of Education, 536 U.S. 822, at 834.
  • See Wright, supra note 8.
  • See Fishman et al., supra note 23; see Fishman et al., supra note 14, at 27, 35; see Arnold et al., supra note 19, at 294; see Fishman et al., supra note 18, at 297.
  • See Starrells et al., supra note 24; see Chou et al., supra note 24; see Nafziger et al., supra note 17, at 78; see Fishman et al., supra note 18, at 297.
  • See Starrells et al., supra note 24.
  • Skinner, 489 U.S. 602, at 635.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.