REFERENCES
- United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Costs of Inaction. Available at: http://www.healthreform. gov/reports/inaction/. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Brezis M, Wiist WH. Vulnerability of health to market forces. Med Care. 2011;49:232–239.
- Institute of Medicine (IOM). Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
- Pain & Policy Studies Group. Achieving Balance in State Pain Policy: A Progress Report Card, 4th ed. Madison, WI: Pain & Policy Studies Group, University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; 2008.
- Fishman S. How Law Enforcement Impacts Pain Management Practice. Improving Pain Management in California: Next Steps. A forum sponsored by the Northern California Pain Initiative, American Cancer Society, California Divisions Inc.; December 5, 2008; Sacramento, California.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The DAWN Report: Trends in Emergency Department Visits Involving Nonmedical Use of Narcotic Pain Relievers. Rockville, MD: Author; June 18, 2010. Available at: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k10/ DAWN016/OpioidEdHTML.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Warner M, Chen LJ, Makuc DM. Increase in Fatal Poisonings Involving Opioid Analgesics in the United States, 1999–2006. NCHS Data Brief, no. 22. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2009. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db22.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Breuer B, Pappagallo M, Portenoy R. A national survey on pain management practices in the United States. J Pain. 2006;7:S5.
- Collen M. Analysis of controlled substance agreements from private practice physicians. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2009;23:357–364.
- Fishman SM, Bandman TB, Edwards A, Borsook D. The opioid contract in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;18:27–37.
- Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. Utility and application of urine drug testing in chronic pain management with opioids. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:73–79.
- Reisfield GM, Salazar E, Bertholf RL. Rational use and interpretation of urine drug testing in chronic opioid therapy. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007;37:301–314.
- Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107–112.
- Starrels JL, Becker WC, Alford DP, Kapoor A, Williams AR, Turner BJ. Systematic review: treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:712–720.
- American Medical Association. About CPT. Available at: http:// www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/cpt/about-cpt.shtml. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Clinical Lab Fee Schedule. Available at: http://www.cms.gov/apps/ama/license. asp?file=/ClinicalLabFeeSched/downloads/11clab.zip. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Abraham M, Ahlman J, Boudreau AJ, Connelly JL, Evans DD. Current Procedural Technology CPT 2011 (Standard Edition). American Medical Association. Chicago, IL., 2011:276.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. How to Obtain a Certificate of Waiver. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/CLIA/ downloads/HowObtainCertificateofWaiver.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- United States Food and Drug Administration. CLIA waived tests. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/ cfdocs/cfClia/analyteswaived.cfm. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CMS Transmittal 653. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/transmittals/ downloads/R653OTN.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Medicare Part B Utilization—CPT Code 80101—by Specialty and Place of Service. Available at: www.CodeMap.com. Author retains copy.
- Total 8000 Series Part B, 2000–2010. Available at: www.CodeMap.com. Author retains copy.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CMS statistics. Available at: http://www.cms.gov/ResearchGenInfo/02_CMS Statistics.asp#TopOfPage. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Breuer B, Pappagallo M, Tai JY, Portenoy RK. U.S. board-certified pain physicians practices: uniformity and census date of their locations. J Pain. 2007;8:244–250.
- Bair MJ, Matthias MS, Nyland KA, Huffman MA, Stubbs DL, Kroenke K, Damush TM. Barriers and facilitators to chronic pain self-management: a qualitative study of primary care patients with comorbid musculoskeletal pain and depression. Pain Med. 2009;10:1280–1290.
- Bach PB, Pham HH, Schrag D, Tate RC, Hargraves JL. Primary care physicians who treat blacks and whites. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:575–584.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Calendar Year (CY) 2011, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), New Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule Test Codes and Final Payment Determinations. Available at: http://www. cms.gov/ClinicalLabFeeSched/Downloads/CY2011-CLFS-New-Test-Codes.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Alfa Scientific Designs, Inc. Frequently Asked Questions Regarding 2011 CMS Reimbursement Changes For Rapid Diagnostic Drug Tests (Immunoassay Tests). Available at: http://www.alfascientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ Reimbursement-FAQs-Jan.-2011.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Rapid Exams, Inc. Drug test cards, QuickTox Drug Test Cards. Available at: http://www.rapidexams.com/Quick-Tox-Clia-Waived-Drug-Test-Dip-Card-s/127.htm. Accessed December 2, 2011.29.
- Rapid Exams, Inc. Drug test cups. Available at: http://www.rapidexams.com/Noble-split-specimen-cup-11-panel-drug-test-cup-p/nm-1117–021.htm. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Unites States Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General, Work Plan, Fiscal Year 2011. Available at: http:// oig.hhs.gov/publications/workplan/2011/FY11_WorkPlan-All. pdf. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Bolen J. Want to minimize the potential for a fraud and abuse investigation of your drug testing practices? Then take control of your testing platform and clinical laboratory partner. Available at: http://www.aceanesthesiapain.com/LinkClick.aspx? fileticket=rsjrYYPEsfA%3D&tabid=88. Accessed December 2, 2011. 32. (This Web page links to Jennifer Bolen's article and identifies her as the author: http://www.aceanesthesiapain. com/ResourceCenter/ACEAlerts/ACEAlertonDrugTestsinPain MgmtDec32010.aspx. Accessed December 2, 2011.)
- Emerging Solutions in Pain. Jennifer Bolen, JD. Available at: http://www.emergingsolutionsinpain.com/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=536:jennifer-bolen-jd&catid= 85:clinical-advisiors. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Ameritox, Ltd. Web site. Available at: http://www.ameritox. com/pain-medication-monitoring/. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- United States Department of Justice press release. November 16, 2010. Ameritox, Ltd Agrees to Pay $16.3 Million to Resolve Kickback Claims Associated With Laboratory Testing Services. Author retains copy.
- Hancock J. Ameritox Lab case shows why health system bleeds money. Available at: http://www.baltimoresun.com/health/bs-bz-hancock-ameritox-20110123,0,749661.column. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Ameritox Settlement Agreement. Author retains copy.
- Calloway Labs. Web site. Available at: http://www.callowaylabs. com/about-what.html. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Coakley M. Woburn Drug Screening Lab defendants arraigned for Medicaid fraud kickback scheme. Available at: http://www.mass.gov/ago/news-and-updates/press-releases/ 2010/woburn-drug-screening-lab-defendants-arraigned.html. Accessed December 2, 2011.
- Kuehn BM. Opioid prescriptions soar: increase in legitimate use as well as abuse. JAMA. 2007;297:249–251.
- Bartholow M. Top 200 prescription drugs of 2009. Pharmacy Times. 2010;76(5):34–6. Available at: http://www. pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/May2010/RxFocus TopDrugs-0510. Accessed September 12, 2011.
- Vaczek D. Top 200 prescription drugs of 2003. Pharmacy Times. 2004;70:46–54.
- Pear R. Health Official Takes Parting Shot at ‘Waste.’ Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/health/policy/parting-shot-at-waste-by-key-obama-health-official.html?ref=donald mberwick. Accessed December 4, 2011.