Topical Delivery of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Osteoarthritis

REFERENCES

• Altman RD. New guidelines for topical NSAIDs in the osteoarthritis treatment paradigm. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:2871–2876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:26–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towheed TE. Pennsaid therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:567–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1905–1915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1145–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman RD, Barthel HR. Topical therapies for osteoarthritis. Drugs. 2011;71:1259–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroutiunian S, Drennan DA, Lipman AG. Topical NSAID therapy for musculoskeletal pain. Pain Med. 2010;11:535–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voltaren Gel (diclofenac sodium topical gel) 1% [package insert]. Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Pennsaid (diclofenac sodium topical solution) 1.5% w/w [package insert]. Hazelwood, MO: Mallinckrodt Brand Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Solaraze Gel (diclofenac sodium) 3% [package insert]. Melville, NY: PharmaDerm; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Flector Patch (diclofenac epolamine 1.3%) [package insert]. Bristol, TN: King Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Conte A, Ronca G, Petrini M, Mautone G. Effect of lecithin on epicutaneous absorption of diclofenac epolamine. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002;28:249–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. In: Shroot B, Schaefer H, eds. Skin Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacology and Skin; Vol. 1. Basel: Karger; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Wiechers JW. The barrier function of the skin in relation to percutaneous absorption of drugs. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1989;11:185–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanojo H, Wester RC, Shainhouse JZ, Maibach HI. Diclofenac metabolic profile following in vitro percutaneous absorption through viable human skin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1999;24:345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AC, Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:603–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto H, Wada Y, Seki T, Sugibayashi K. In vitro skin permeation of morphine hydrochloride during the finite application of penetration-enhancing system containing water, ethanol and l-menthol. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25:134–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara-Bergstrom T, Knutson K, DeNoble LJ, Goates CY. Percutaneous absorption enhancement of an ionic molecule by ethanol-water systems in human skin. Pharm Res. 1990;7:762–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner B, Mazzenga GC, Otte JH, Steffens RJ, Juang RH, Ebert CD. Ethanol: water mutually enhanced transdermal therapeutic system II: skin permeation of ethanol and nitroglycerin. J Pharm Sci. 1989;78:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh P, Roberts MS. Skin permeability and local tissue concentrations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after topical application. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;268:144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radermacher J, Jentsch D, Scholl MA, Lustinetz T, Frölich JC. Diclofenac concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma after cutaneous application in inflammatory and degenerative joint disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:537–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienzler JL, Gold M, Nollevaux F. Systemic bioavailability of topical diclofenac sodium gel 1% versus oral diclofenac sodium in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50:50–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtovenko AA, Anwar J. Modulating the structure and properties of cell membranes: the molecular mechanism of action of dimethyl sulfoxide. J Phys Chem B. 2007;111:10453–10460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marren K. Dimethyl sulfoxide: an effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of NSAIDs. Phys Sportsmed. 2011; 39:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galer BS. A comparative subjective assessment study of PENNSAID® and Voltaren Gel®, two topical formulations of diclofenac sodium. Pain Pract. 2011;11:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bookman AA, Williams KS, Shainhouse JZ. Effect of a topical diclofenac solution for relieving symptoms of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2004;171:333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon LS, Grierson LM, Naseer Z, Bookman AA, Zev Shainhouse J. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical placebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis. Pain. 2009;143:238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdan S. Organogels in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005;2:489–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaksic I, Lukic M, Malenovic A, Compounding of a topical drug with prospective natural surfactant-stabilized pharmaceutical bases: physiochemical and in vitro/in vivo characterization—a ketoprofen case study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. January 2012;80(1):164–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachhav YG, Patravale VB. Formulation of meloxicam gel for topical application: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Acta Pharm. 2010;60:153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pénzes T, Blazsó G, Aigner Z, Falkay G, Eros I. Topical absorption of piroxicam from organogels—in vitro and in vivo correlations. Int J Pharm. 2005;298:47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraf HS, Gold MS, Clark MB, Altman RD. Safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Sports Med. 2010;38:19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Longley S 3rd, Gold MS, Altman RD. Randomized controlled trial of diclofenac sodium gel in knee osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39:203–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer PA, Thomas LM, Shainhouse Z. Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee with a topical diclofenac solution: a randomised controlled, 6-week trial [ISRCTN53366886]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth SH, Shainhouse JZ. Efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2017–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study of a topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid®) compared with oral diclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:2002–2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar