A New Model for Using Quantitative Urine Testing as a Diagnostic Tool for Oxycodone Treatment and Compliance

REFERENCES

• Falk E. Eukodal ein neues narkoticum. Münchener Med Wochenschrift. 1917;20:381–384.
   Google Scholar
• Lugo RA. The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2004;18:17–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabatowski R. Pain treatment: a historical perspective. Curr Pharmaceut Des. 2004;10:701–716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma K, Jiang W, Zhou Q, Du DP. The efficacy of oxycodone for management of acute pain episodes in chronic neck pain patients. Int J Pain Pract. 2008;62:241–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coluzzi F, Mattia C. Oxycodone. Pharmacological profile and clinical data in chronic pain management. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71:451–460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pergolizzi J, Böger RH, Budd K, Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008;8:287–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charney RL, Yan Y, Schootman M, Kennedy RM, Luhmann JD. Oxycodone versus codeine for triage pain in children with suspected forearm fracture. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares O, Linares A. Computational opioid prescribing: a novel application of clinical pharmacokinetics. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25:125–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lugo RA, Kern SE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2002;16:5–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kummer O, Hammamm F, Moser C, Schaller O, Drewe J, Krähenbühl S. Effect of the inhibition of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;67:63–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samer CF, Daali Y, Wagner M, The effects of CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities on the pharmacokinetics of immediate release oxycodone. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;160:907–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannetto PJ, Bratanow NC. Pharmacogenomic considerations in the opioid management of pain. Genome Med. 2010;2:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jannetto PJ, Bratanow NC. Pain management in the 21st century: utilization of pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;7:745– 752.
   Google Scholar
• Baselt RC. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 5th ed. Foster City, CA: Chemical Toxicology Institute; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Musshoff F, Padosch S, Steinborn S, Madea B. Fatal blood and tissue concentrations of more than 200 drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;142:161–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman P. The major sequelae of opioid addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1980;5:239–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizzo PA, Clark NM. Alleviating suffering 101—pain relief in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:197–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall AJ, Logan JE, Toblin RL, Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. JAMA. 2008;300:2613–2620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan A, Turner B. Prescription opioids, overdose deaths, and clinician responsibility. JAMA. 2008;300:2672–2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couto JE, Webster L, Romney MC, Leider HL, Linden A. Use of an algorithm applied to urine drug screening to assess adherence to an Oxycontin® regimen. J Opioid Manag. 2009;5:359–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. Pain as the 5th vital sign toolkit. Geriatrics and Extended Care Strategic Healthcare Group. Available at: http://www.va.gov/oaa/pocketcard/2000 October 31. Accessed October 31, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mandema JW, Kaiko RF, Oshlack B. Characteriztion and validation of a pharmacokinetic model for controlled-release oxycodone. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42:747–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ML, Hughes RO, Levine B, Dickerson S, Darwin WD, Cone EJ. Forensic drug testing for opiates. VI. Urine testing for hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, and oxycodone with commercial opiate immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 1995;19:18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Kaminsky LS. Human extrahepatic cytochromes P450: function in xenobiotic metabolism and tissue-selective chemical toxicity in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;43:149–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares OA. Pharmacokinetics-based opioid prescribing: case report. Pain Practitioner. 2010;20:19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider J, Anderson A, Tennant F. Patients who require ultra-high opioid doses. Pract Pain Manage. 2009;9:10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Wastney M, Patterson B, Linares O, Greif P, Boston R. Investigating Biological Systems Using Modeling: Strategies and Software. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Greif P, Wastney M, Linares O, Boston R. Balancing needs, efficiency, and functionality in the provision of modeling software: a perspective of the NIH WinSAAM Project. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;445:3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanovski D, Moate P, Boston R. WinSAAM: a windows-based compartmental modeling system. Metabolism. 2003; 52:1153–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A Language Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012. Available at: http://www.R-project.org/. June 12, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• I-Kuei Lin L. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45:255–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron B. Computers and the theory of statistics: thinking the unthinkable. SIAM Rev. 1979;21:460–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron B, Tibshirani R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Efron B. Second thoughts on the bootstrap. Stat Sci. 2003;18:135–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yafune A, Ishiguro M. Bootstrap approach for constructing confidence intervals for population pharmacokinetic parameters. I: a use of bootstrap standard error. Stat Med. 1999;18:581–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yafune A, Ishiguro M. Bootstrap approach for constructing confidence intervals for population pharmacokinetic parameters. II: a bootstrap modification of standard two-stage (STS) method for Phase I trial. Stat Med. 1999;18:601–612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saiki R, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 1988;239:487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leow KP, Smith MT, Williams B, Cramond T. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in patients with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52:487–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyhia R, Seppala T, Olkkola K, Kalso E. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharm. 1992;33:617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry SC, Watts DJ, Katz KD, Bikin D, Bukaveckas BL. The effect of single-dose tramadol on oxycodone clearance. J Emerg Med. 2007;33:407–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidenberg M, Willis O. Prosecution of clinicians for prescribing opioids to patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:903–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard S, Neville KA, Nguyen AT, Flockart DA. Interethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 in the U.S. population: clinical implications. Oncologist. 2006;11: 126–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leathart JBS, London SJ, Steward A, Adams J, Idle JR, Daly AK. CYP2D6 Phenotype-genotype relationships in African-Americans and Caucasians in Los Angeles. Pharmacogenetics. 1998;8:529–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samer CF, Daali Y, Wagner M, The effects of CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities on the pharmacokinetics of immediate release oxycodone. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;160:907–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummer O, Hammann F, Moser C, Schaller O, Drewe J, Krähenbül S. Effect of the inhibition of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar