Case Report: Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine in Opioid-Refractory Cancer Pain

REFERENCES

• Hardy J, Quinn S, Fazekas B, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of subcutaneous ketamine in the management of cancer pain. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3611–3617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FD, Pirrello RD. Improving equianalgesic dosing for chronic pain management. Oral presentation at the American Association for Cancer Education Annual Meeting; Cincinatti, Ohio; September 2005.
   Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Diagnosis and classification of neuropathic pain. 2010;18(7):1–6. Accessed July 24, 2014 from http://iasp.files.cms-plus.com/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/PainClinicalUpdates/Archives/PCU_18-7_final_1390260761555_9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:441–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medscape Education Family Medicine. Available at: http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/754961_transcript December 2011. Accessed January 2, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?Item Number=1698 May 2012IASP Taxonomy. Last updated January 2, 2012. Accessed May 22, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Audette J, Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: an overview and literature update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(3 Suppl):S3–S14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Pharmacological management of neuropathic pain. 2010;18(9):1–8. Accessed July 24, 2014 from http://iasp.files.cms-plus.com/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/PainClinicalUpdates/Archives/PCU_18-9_final_1390260608342_7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Drug EnforcementDiversion Control Administration. Office of Diversion Control. Ketamine. Available at: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/ketamine.pdf August 2013. Published August 2011. Accessed Janaury 2, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Sinner B, Graf BM. Ketamine. In Schuttler J, Schwilden H, eds. Modern Anesthetics Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 182. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2008: Part III, pages 313–333.
   Google Scholar
• Ketamine Hydrochloride injection, solution, concentrate [package insert]. Galway, Ireland: Bioniche Teo; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Krupitsky E, Burakov A, Romanova T, Dunaevsky I, Strassman R, Grinenko A. Ketamine psychotherapy for heroin addiction: immediate effects and two-year follow-up. J Subst Abuse Treat. Dec 2002;23:273–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RB, Nock MK, Charney DS., et al. Effects of intravenous ketamine on explicit and implicit measures of suicidality in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66:522–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C.J. CHV. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. 2011;107:27–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven R. Ketamine. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(Suppl 1):48–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hijazi Y, Boulieu R. Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30:853–858.
   Google Scholar
• Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Grant IS. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1982;71:539–542.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbon EJ, Hall P, Schroder C, Seely J, Viola R. Low dose ketamine as an analgesic adjuvant in difficult pain syndromes: a strategy for conversion from parenteral to oral ketamine. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;23:165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blonk MI, Koder BG, van den Bemt PM, Huygen FJ. Use of oral ketamine in chronic pain management: a review. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking G, Cousins MJ. Ketamine in chronic pain management: an evidence-based review. Anesth Analg. 2003;97: 1730–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung WJ, Pharo GH. Successful use of ketamine infusion in the treatment of intractable cancer pain in an outpatient. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33:2–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pharo GH, Zhou L. Controlling cancer pain with pharmacotherapy. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2007;107(12 Suppl 7):ES22–ES32.
   Google Scholar
• Correll GE, Maleki J, Gracely EJ, Muir JJ, Harbut RE. Subanesthetic ketamine infusion therapy: a retrospective analysis of a novel therapeutic approach to complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med. 2004;5:263–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A. Ketamine*. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41:640–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark JL, Kalan GE. Effective treatment of severe cancer pain of the head using low-dose ketamine in an opioid-tolerant patient. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10:310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsewaisy O, Slon B, Monagle J. Analgesic effect of subanesthetic intravenous ketamine in refractory neuropathic pain: a case report. Pain Med. 2010;11:946–950.
   Google Scholar
• Felsby S, Nielsen J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS. NMDA receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: a comparison of ketamine and magnesium chloride. Pain. 1996;64:283–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine PG. Low-dose ketamine in the management of opioid nonresponsive terminal cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;17:296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbon EJ, Viola R. Parenteral ketamine as an analgesic adjuvant for severe pain: development and retrospective audit of a protocol for a palliative care unit. J Palliat Med. 2005;8:49–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson K, Ashby M, Howell D, The effectiveness and adverse effects profile of “burst” ketamine in refractory cancer pain: the VCOG PM 1-00 study. J Palliat Care. 2010;26:176–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr C, Holahan T, Milch R. The use of ketamine in severe cases of refractory pain syndromes in the palliative care setting: a case series. J Palliat Med. 2011;14:1074–1077.
   Google Scholar
• Lossignol DA, Obiols-Portis M, Body JJ. Successful use of ketamine for intractable cancer pain. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13:188–193.
   Google Scholar
• Mercadante S, Arcuri E, Tirelli W, Casuccio A. Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;20:246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Williams M. Ketamine for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;19:79–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar JT, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94:149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar