900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain

References

• Aalto S., Haarala C., Bruck A., Sipila H., Hamalainen H., Rinne J. O.. 2006. Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.. 26:885–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksenov M. Y., Aksenova M. V., Payne R. M., Smith C. D., Markesbery W. R., Carney J. M.. 1997. The expression of creatine kinase isoenzymes in neocortex of patients with neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's and Pick's disease. Experim. Neurol.. 146:458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksenov M., Aksenova M., Butterfield A. D., Markesbery W. R.. 2000. Oxidative modification of creatine kinase BB in Alzheimer's disease brain. J. Neurochem.. 74:520–2527.
   Google Scholar
• Behari J., Paulraj R.. 2007. Biomarker of induced electromagnetic field and cancer. Ind. J. Experim. Biol.. 45:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittman E. L., Kaynard A. H., Olster D. H., Robinson J. E., Yellow S. M., Karsch F. J.. 1985. Pineal melatonin mediates photoperiodic control of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the ewe. Neuroendocrinology. 40:409–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch J. B., Reif J. S., Noonan C. W., Ichinose T., Bachand A. M., Koleber T. L., Yost M. G.. 2002. Melatonin metabolite secretion among cellular telephone users. Int. J. Rad. Biol.. 78:1029–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen H. C., Schüz J., Kosteljanetz M., Poulsen H. S., Boice J. D.Jr, McLaughlin J. K.. 2005. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: a population- based, incident case-control study. Neurology. 64:1189–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson P. M., Tremblay I.. 1988. Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.. 65:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David S. S., Shoemaker M., Haley B. E.. 1998. Abnormal properties of creatine kinase in Alzheimer's disease brain: Correlation of reduced enzyme activity and active site photolabelling with aberrant cytosol-membrane partitioning. Mol. Brain Res.. 54:276–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Iuliis G. N., Newey R. J., King B. V., Aitken R. J.. 2009. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 4 7: e6446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai N., Sharma R., Makker K., Sabanegh E., Agarwal A.. 2009. Physiologic and pathologic levels of reactive oxygen species in neat semen of infertile men. Fertil. Steril. 9:1626–1631.
   Google Scholar
• Dimbylow P. J., Mann S. M.. 1994. SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol.. 39:1537–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenbaum H., Otto T., Cohen N. J.. 1992. The hippocampus—what does it do?. Behav. Neural Biol.. 57:2–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eyre M. D., Richter-Levin G., Avital A., Stewart M. G.. 2003. Morphological changes in hippocampal dentate gyrus synapses following spatial learning in rats are transient. Eur. J. Neurosci.. 17:1973–1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragopoulou A. F., Koussoulakos S. L., Margaritis L. H.. 2010. Cranial and postcranial skeletal variations induced in mouse embryos by mobile phone radiation. Pathophysiology. 17 3: 169–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fridovich I.. 1999. Fundamental aspects of reactive oxygen species, or what's the matter with oxygen?. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.. 893:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishna R., Anderson W. B.. 1991. Reversible oxidative activation and inactivation of protein kinase C by the mitogen/ tumor promoter periodate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.. 285:382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishna R., Chen Z. H., Gundimeda U.. 1994. Tobacco smoke tumor promoters, catechol and hydroquinone induce oxidative regulation of protein kinase C and influence invasion and metastasis of lung carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 91:12233–12237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishna R., Jaken S.. 2000. Protein kinase C signaling and oxidative stress. Free Rad. Biol. Med.. 28:1349–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundler W., Kaiser F., Keilmann F., Walleczek J.. 1992. Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften. 79 12: 551–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B.. 1996. Antioxidants in human health and disease. Ann. Rev. Nutrit.. 16:33–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Carlberg M., Hansson, Mild K.. 2009. Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases. Pathophysiology. 16:113–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardell L., Carlberg M., Soderqvist F., Mild K. H., Morgan L. L.. 2007. Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for>or = 10 years. Occup. Environ. Med.. 64 9: 626–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Hallquist A., Hansson, Mild K., Carlberg M., Pahlson A., Lilja A.. 2002. Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 11:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardell L., Nasman A., Pahlson A., Hallquist A., Hansson M. K.. 1999. Use of cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumors: a case-control study. Int. J. Oncol.. 15:113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey C., French P.. 2000. Effects on protein kinase C and gene expression in a human mast cell line, HMC-1, following microwave exposure. Cell Biol. Int.. 23 11: 739–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi I., Morishita Y., Imai K., Nakamura M., Nakachi K., Hayashi T.. 2007. High-throughput spectrophotometric assay of reactive oxygen species in serum. Mutat. Res.. 631:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley K., Hall N., Subramaniam R., Cole P., Harris M., Aksenova M. V., Aksenov M. Y., Gabbita S. P., Carney J. M., Lowell M., Markesbery W. R., Butterfield D. A.. 1995. Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer's disease histopathology biomarkers of protein oxidation. J. Neurochem.. 65:2146–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepworth S. J., Schoemaker M. J., Muir K. R., Swerdlow A. J., van Tongeren M. J., McKinney P. A.. 2006. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study. BMJ. 332:883–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornia A., Lu Z., Sukezane T., Zhong M., Joseph T., Frankel P., Foster D. A.. 1999. Antagonistic effects of protein kinase C alpha and delta on both transformation and phospholipase D activity mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor. Molec. Cell Biol.. 19 11: 7672–7680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber R., Treyer V., Borbély A. A., Schuderer J., Gottselig J. M., Landolt H. P., Werth E., Berthold T., Kuster N., Buck A., Achermann P.. 2002. Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG. J. Sleep Res.. 11:289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inskip P. D., Tarone R. E., Hatch E. E., Wilcosky T. C., Shapiro W. R., Selker R. G.. 2001. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. N. Engl. J. Med.. 344:79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson F. L., Heindel J. J., Preslock J. P., Berkowitz A. S.. 1984. Alterations in hypothalamic content of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone associated with pineal mediated testicular regression in the golden hamster. Biol. Reprod.. 31:436–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesari K. K., Behari J.. 2009. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Appl. Biochem. Biotech.. 158:126–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesari K. K., Behari J., Kumar S.. Mutagenic response of 2.45GHz radiation exposure on rat brain. Int. J. Rad. Biol.. 2010a; 86 4: 334–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesari K. K., Kumar S., Behari J.. Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Ind. J. Exper. Biol.. 2010b; 48 10: 987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesari K. K., Kumar S., Behari J.. 2011. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves exposure from cellular phone on reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 164:546–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana V. G., Teo C., Kundi M., Hardell L., Carlberg M.. 2009. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surg. Neurol.. 72 3: 205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S., Kesari K. K., Behari J.. 2010. Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male wistar rats following microwave exposure. Ind. J. Exp. Biol.. 48:586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S., Kesari K., Behari J.. 2011. Influence of microwave exposure on male fertility. Fertil. Steril.. 95:1500–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunjilwar K. K., Behari J.. 1993. Effect of amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation on cholinergic system of developing rats. Brain Res.. 601:321–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H., Singh N. P.. 1995. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 16:207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H., Singh N. P.. 1996. Double strand breaks in rats brain cells after acute exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation. Int. J. Rad. Biol.. 69:513–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H., Singh N. P.. 1997. Acute exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 18:156–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E. J., Lee M. Y., Chen H. Y., Hsu Y. S., Wu T. S., Chen S. T., Chang G. L.. 2005. Melatonin attenuates gray and white matter damage in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J. Pineal Res.. 38:42–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loots, du T., Wiid I. J., Page B. J., Mienie L. J., van Helden P. D.. 2005. Melatonin prevents the free radical and MADD metabolic profiles induced by antituberculosis drugs in an animal model. J. Pineal Res. 38:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry O. H., Resebrough N. J., Farr A. L., Randall R. J.. 1951. Protein measurement with folinphenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.. 193:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z., Hornia A., Jiang Y. W., Zang Q., Ohno S., Foster D. A.. 1997. Tumor promotion by depleting cells of protein kinase C delta. Molec. Cell Biol.. 17 6: 3418–3428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mausset A. L., de Seze R., Montpeyroux F., Privat A.. 2001. Effects of radiofrequency exposure on the GABAergic system in the rat cerebellum: clues fromsemi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 912:33–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mausset-Bonnefont A. L., Hirbec H., Bonnefont X., Privat A., Vignon J., de Seze R.. 2004. Acute exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical modifications in the rat brain. Neurobiology. 17:445–454.
   Google Scholar
• McEwen B. S.. 1994. The plasticity of the hippocampus is the reason for its vulnerability. Semin. Neurosci.. 6:239–246.
   Google Scholar
• Narayanan S. N., Kumar R. S., Potu B. K., Nayak S., Bhat P. G., Mailankot M.. 2010. Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Ups J. Med. Sci.. 115 2: 91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan S. N., Kumar R. S., Potu B. K., Nayak S., Maneesh M.. 2009. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Clinics. 64:231–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizuka Y.. 1986. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science. 233:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nittby H., Grafstrom G., Tian D. P., Malmgren L., Brun A., Persson B. R., Salford L. G., Eberhardt J.. 2008. Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 29 3: 219–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odaci E., Bas O., Kaplan S.. 2008. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 megahertz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study. Brain Res.. 1238:224–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkusu K., Isobe K., Hidaka H., Nakashima I.. 1986. Elucidation of the protein kinase C dependent apoptosis pathway in distinct of T lymphocytes in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Eur. J. Immunol.. 25:3180–3186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otieno M. A., Kensler T. W.. 2000. A role for protein kinase C-delta in the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase expression by oxidative stress. Cancer Res.. 60 16: 4391–4396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos D. J.. 2011. Analyzing the health impacts of modern telecommunications microwaves. In: Berhardt L. V.. editors. Advances in Medicine and Biology, Vol.17. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Hauppauge, NY. (Ch. 1).
   Google Scholar
• Paulraj R., Behari J.. 2004. Radiofrequency radiation effect on protein kinase C activity in rats' brain. Mutat. Res.. 585:127–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulraj R., Behari J.. 2006. Protein Kinase C activity in developing rat brain cells exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 25:61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulraj R., Behari J.. 2006. Single strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells exposed to microwave radiation. Mutat. Res.. 596:76–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulraj R., Behari J., Rao A. R.. 1999. Effect of amplitude modulated RF radiation on calcium ion efflux and ODC activity in chronically exposed rat brain. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 36 5: 337–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips J. L., Singh N. P., Lai H.. 2009. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology. 16 2–3: 79–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierce G. B., Parchment R. E., Lewellyn A. L.. 1991. Hydrogen peroxide as a mediator of programmed cell death in the blastocyst. Differentiation. 46:181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray S., Behari J.. 1990. Physiological changes in rats after exposure to low levels of microwaves. Radiat. Res.. 125:199–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regel S. J., Tinguely G., Schuderer J., Adam M., Kuster N., Landolt H. P., Achermann P.. 2007. Pulsed radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: dose-dependent effects on sleep, the sleep EEG and cognitive performance. J. Sleep Res.. 16:253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter R. J., Tan D. X., Cabrera J., Arpa D. D., Sainz R. M., Mayo J. C., Ramos S.. 1999. The oxidant:antioxidant network: role of melatonin. Biol. Signals Recept.. 8:56–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reiter R. J., Tan D. X., Gitto E., Pappolla M. A.. 2004. Pharmacological utility of melatonin in reducing oxidative cellular and molecular damage. Pol. J. Pharmacol.. 56:159–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodnight R., Grower H., Martinez-Millan L., DeSouza D.. 1982. Molecular aspects of neural transmission, learning and memory. In: Caputto R., Ajmone-Marsan C.. editors. IBRO, Vol. 10. New York: Raven Press 10:125.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman K. J., Chou C. K., Morgan R., Balzano Q., Guy A. W., Funch D. P.. 1996. Assessment of cellular telephone and other radio frequency exposure for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 7:291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simko M.. 2007. Cell type specific redox status is responsible for diverse electromagnetic field effects. Curr. Med. Chem.. 14 10: 1141–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stang A., Anastassiou G., Ahrens W., Bromen K., Bornfeld N., Jöckel K. H.. 2001. The possible role of radio-frequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma. Epidemiology. 12 1: 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens R. G.. 1987. Electric power use and breast cancer: A hypothesis. Amer. J. Epidemiol.. 125:556–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens R. G., Davis S.. 1996. The melatonin hypothesis: electric power and breast cancer. Health Perspect.. 1:135–140.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens R. G., Davis S., Thomas D. B., Anderson L. E., Wilson B. W.. 1992. Electric power, pineal function, and the risk of breast cancer. FASEB J.. 6:853–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomimoto H., Yamamoto K., Homburger H. A., Yanagihara T.. 1993. Immunoelectron microscopic investigation of creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme after cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Acta Neuropathol.. 86:447–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanecek J.. 1998. Melatonin inhibits release of luteinizing hormone (LH) via decrease of [Ca2+] and cyclic AMP. Physiol. Res.. 47:329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vini G., Khurana V. G., Teo C., Kundi M., Hardell L., Carlberg M.. 2009. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surg. Neurol.. 72:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallimann T., Dolder M., Schlattner U., Eder M., Hornemann T., O'Gorman E., Ruck E., Brdiczka D.. 1998. Some new aspects of creatine kinase (CK): Compartmentation, structure, function and regulation for cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiology. Biofactors. 8:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallimann T., Wyss M., Brdiczka D., Nicolay K.. 1992. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: The ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem. J.. 281:21–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson B. W., Stevens R. G., Anderson L. E.. 1989. Neuroendocrine mediated effects of electromagnetic-field exposure: possible role of the pineal gland. Life Sci.. 45:1319–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S., Ning W., Xu Z., Zhou S., Chiang H., Luo J.. 2006. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett.. 398:253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar