Behavioral Studies with Electromagnetic Fields: Implications for Psychobiology

References

• Frey A. H. Behavioral Biophysics. Psychological Bulletin 1965; 63: 322–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A. H. From the Laboratory to the Courtroom: Science, Scientists, and the Regulatory Process. Risk/Benefit Analysis: The Microwave Case, N.H. Steneck. San Francisco Press, San Francisco 1982; 197–228
   Google Scholar
• Steneck N. H. The Microwave Debate. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1984
   Google Scholar
• Guy A. W., Chou C.-K., Johnson R. B., Kunz L. L. Study of Effects of Long-Terra Low-Level RF Exposure on Rats: A Plan. Proc. IEEE 1980; 68: 92–97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici R. G. Methods of Assaying Behavioral Changes during Exposure to Weak Electric Fields. Proceedings of Conference XI: Abnormal Animal Behavior Prior to Earthquakes (II). U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 80-453. Menlo Park, CA 1980; 114–140
   Google Scholar
• Medici R. G. Methods of Assaying Behavioral Change as a Function of Exposure to Weak Electric Fields, Abstracts of papers presented at the Second Ann. Meeting of Bioelectromagnetics Society 1980; 200
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Schrot J., Liboff A. R. Weak Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Alter Operant Behavior in Rats, Abstracts of papers presented at the Seventh Ann. Meeting of Bioelectromagnetics Society 1985
   Google Scholar
• Medici R. G. Where has all the Science Gone?. Risk/Benefit Analysis: The Microwave Case, N.H. Steneck. San Francisco Press, San Francisco 1982; 177–196
   Google Scholar
• Keeton W. The Orientational and Navigational Basis of Homing in Birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 1974; 5: 47–131
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Yeandle S. S., Burch L. S. Modification of Internal Discriminative Stimulus Control of Behavior by Low Levels of Pulse and Microwave Radiation. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore. HEW(FDA). 1975; 201–214, 77-8010, USNC-URSI
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Finch E., Fulk D. W., Burch L. S. Effects of Low Level Radiation on Behavioral Baselines. Biologic Effects of Nonionizing Radiation, P. Tyler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; 247: 425–432
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Maitland G. Combined Effects on Behavior of Low Level Microwave Radiation and Dextroamphetamine. Int. Symp. on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves. USNC-URSI, Arlie, VA 1977; 121
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Banvard R. A. Changes in Temporal Aspects of Behavior by Low Levels of Pulsed Microwaves. National Radio Science Meeting. Bioelectromagnetics Symp., Seattle, WA 1979; 452
   Google Scholar
• Ehret C. F., Rosenberg R. S., Sacher G. A., Duffy P. H., Groh K. R. Biomedical Effects Associated with Energy-Transmission Systems: Effects of 60-Hz Electric Fields on Circadian and Ultradian Physiological and Behavioral Functions in Small Rodents. NTIS, Springfield, VA 1980, Report No. DOE/TIC-1027653, Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38, Document No. DE81-027655 available through
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg R. S., Sacher G. A., Duffy P. H. Physiological and Behavioral Effects of 60 Hz High Voltage Fields on Mouse Behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 201
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea J. A., Gandhi O. P., Lords J. L., Durney C. H., Astle L., Stensaas L. J., Schoenberg A. A. Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Prolonged Exposure to 915 MHz Microwaves. J. Microwave Power 1980; 15: 123–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D'Andrea J. A., Bailey C M., Hagmann M. J., Gandhi O. P. Behavioral Effects of Exposure to 40 MHz Modulated Near-Fields in Rats. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 41
   Google Scholar
• DeWitt J. R., D'Andrea J. A., Emmerson R. Y., Gandhi O. P. Behavioral Effects of Prolonged Exposure to. 5 mW/cm2, 2450 MHz Microwaves. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 116
   Google Scholar
• Levinson D. M., Riffle D. W., Justesen D. R. Influence of Microwave Dose Rate and Ambient Temperature on Escape Behavior of Rats. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 39
   Google Scholar
• Riffle D. W., Levinson D. M., Justesen D. R. The Lever Pressing Operant as a Cued or Uncued Escape Response of Rats Motivated by Intense Microwave Radiation. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 39
   Google Scholar
• Creim J. A., Hilton D. I., Lovely R. H., Phillips R. D. Motivational Aspect of Electric-Field Avoidance in Rats. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 113
   Google Scholar
• Hjeresen D. L., Kaune W. T., Decker J. R., Phillips R. D. Effects of 60 Hz Electric Fields on Avoidance Behavior and Activity in Rats. Bloelectromagnetlcs 1980; 1: 299–312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjeresen D. L., Miller M. C., Kaune W. T., Phillips R. D. A Behavioral Response of Swine to a 60 Hz Electric Field. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 443–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenforde T. S., Davis H. P., Mizumori S. J., Allen H., Bennett E. L., Rosenzweig M. R. Tests for Behavioral Alterations in Mice Exposed to a 1.5 Tesla DC Magnetic Field. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 93
   Google Scholar
• Beel J. A., Fisher L. J., Gerren R. E., Luttges M. W. Posttrial Microwave Effects on Learning and Memory in Mice. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 1983; 9: 644
   Google Scholar
• Adair E. R. Microwaves Alter Thermoregulatory Behavior. Federation Proceedings 1979; 38: 1295
   Google Scholar
• Adair E. R., Adams B. W. Microwaves Modify Thermoregulatory Behavior in Squirrel Monkey. Bioelectroraagnetlcs 1980; 1: 1–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adair E. R., Adams B. W. Behavioral Thermoregulation in the Squirrel Monkey: Adaptation Processes during Prolonged Microwave Exposure. Behavioral Neuroscience 1983; 97: 49–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair E. R., Adams B. W., Akel G. M. Minimal Increases in Hypothalamic Temperature Accompany Microwave-Induced Changes in Thermoregulatory Behavior. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 105
   Google Scholar
• Stern S. Microwaves: Effect on Thermoregulatory Behavior in Rats. Science 1979; 206: 1198–1201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon C. J., Long M. D. Behavioral and Autonomic Thermoregulation in Hamsters during Microwave Exposure. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 86
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor M. E., Bartsch D. A., Chrobak J., Proksa J. C., Indart M. Behavioral and Developmental Evaluation of Rats Exposed In Utero to Microwave Fields. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 60
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell C. L., Galvin M. J., Tilson H. A., McRee D. I. Effects of Microwave Radiation Pre- and Perinatally on Neurobehavioral Functioning In Rats. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 68
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H. Neural and Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to 3.5 kV/M 60 Hz Fields. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 4th Ann. Conf. 1982; 6
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Behavior Modification in Animals Living in a Relatively Low Intensity (3.5 kV/M) 60 Hz Electric Field. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 93
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Modification of the Conditioned Emotional Response in Rats Living in a 60 Hz Electrical Field. Bull. Psychonoraic Soc. 1984; 22: 477–479
   Google Scholar
• Cooper L. J., Graves H. B., Smith J. C., Poznaniak D., Madjid A. H. Behavioral Responses of Pigeons to High Intensity 60 Hz Electric Fields. Behavioral and Neural Biology 1981; 32: 214–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke R. L., Justesen D. R. Behavioral Sensitivity of a Domestic Bird to 60 Hz AC and to DC Magnetic Fields. Radio Science 1979; 14: 209–216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Tail Pressure Behaviors Modification Associated with Microwave Energy Exposure. Bloelectromagnetlcs 1980; 1: 202
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. A Test of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Microwave Energy Effects. J. Bioelectricity 1982; 1: 305–312
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Dopamine Receptors and Microwave Energy Exposure. J. Bioelectricity 1983; 2: 145–157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Morphine Effects Appear to be Potentiated by Microwave Energy Exposure. J. Bioelectricity 1984; 3: 373–383
   Google Scholar
• Seaman R. L., Murdock G. K., Conradsen L. Pulsed Microwaves may Affect Rat Mating Behavior. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 1
   Google Scholar
• Monahan J. C. Behavioral Methods for Assessing CNS Function Following Microwave Exposure. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetlcs Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 68
   Google Scholar
• Antipov V. V., Dobrov N. N., Kozlov V. A., Nikitin M. D., Semonova L. A. Biological Effects of the Electrical Component of Superlong-Wave Electromagnetic Fields. Ser. Biology 1983; 3: 419–425
   Google Scholar
• Lobanova E. A., Sokolova I. P., Kitsovskaia I. A., Robtsova N. B., Lebed E. K. Relationship between the Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation and the Intensity and Duration of Exposure. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol 1983; 1: 30–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gavalas R. J., Walter D. O., Hamer J., Adey W. R. Effect of Low Level, Low Frequency Electric Fields on EEG and Behavior in Macaca Nemestrina. Brain Research 1970; 18: 491–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavalas-Medici R., Day-Magdaleno S. Extremely Low Frequency Weak Electric Fields Affect Schedule Controlled Behavior in Monkeys. Nature 1976; 261: 256–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagan P. M., Medici R. G. Behavior of Chicks Exposed to Low Power 450 MHz Fields Sinusoidally Modulated at EEG Frequencies. Radio Science 1979; 14: 239–245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici R. G. Frequency Specific Effects of Weak Amplitude Modulated VHF Fields on Schedule Controlled Behavior. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetics Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 5
   Google Scholar
• Schrot J., Thomas J. R., Banvard R. A. Effects of 2.8 GHz Microwave Radiation in Combination with Tranqulllzlng Drugs on Fixed-Interval Performance of Rats. Bloelectromagnetics 1981; 1: 5
   Google Scholar
• Lovely R. H., Lundstrom D. L., Phillips R. D. Dosimetric and Behavioral Analysis of Microwve Drug Synergistic Effects on Operant Behavior in the Rat. NTIS, Springfield, VA 1981, Contract No. N00014-79-C-0819, Document No. AD-A115U5 available through
   Google Scholar
• Lundstrom D. L., Lovely R. H., Phillips R. D. Analysis of Dose-Response Synergy of Microwaves and Chiordiazepoxide's Effects on Fixed Interval Behavior in the Rat. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 202
   Google Scholar
• Lundstrom D. L., Lovely R. H., Phillips R. D. Failure to Find Synergistic Effects of 2.8 GHz Pulsed Microwaves and Chioridiazepoxide on Fixed Interval Behavior in the Rat. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 43
   Google Scholar
• Gage M. I. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation and Drugs on Schedule Controlled Behavior in Rats. Abstracts of Bioelectroraagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 113
   Google Scholar
• Gage M. I., Ziriax J. M., Crawford D. L., Highfill J. W. Duration of Microwave Exposure as a Parameter Affecting Behavior of Rats. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetics Society 4th Ann. Conf. 1982; 47
   Google Scholar
• Lebovitz R. M. Prolonged Microwave Irradiation of Rats: Effects on Concurrent Operant Behavior. Bloelectromagnetics 1981; 2: 169–185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebovitz R. M. Operant Behavior of Rats is Similarly Modified by CW and by PM Microwave Radiation. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 112
   Google Scholar
• Lebovitz R. M. Pulse Modulated and Continuous Wave Microwave Radiation Yield Equivalent Changes in Operant Behavior of Rodents. Physiology and Behavior 1983; 30: 891–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovitz R. M., Orr J. Microwave Radiation-Induced Alterations in Operant Behavior of Rats: A Comparison with D-Amphetamine and Barbiturate. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 1983; 9: 122
   Google Scholar
• Medici R. G., Lesser G. Effects of Weak Amplitude Modulated VHF Fields on Schedule Controlled Activity of Wild Mallard Ducklings. Proc. International URSI Conference. HelsinkiFinland 1978
   Google Scholar
• Feldstone C. S., Polonis J. J., Craig D., Gibson E. G., Smith H. D., Dean E. E. A Preliminary Study of Possible Effects of High Intensity 60 Hz Electric Fields on Non-Human Primate Behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 200
   Google Scholar
• Feldstone C. S., Polonis J. J., Craig D., Gibson E. G., Smith H. D. Effects of High Strength 60 Hz Fields on Baboon Behavior. Abstracts of Bloelectromagnetics Society 3rd Ann. Conf. 1981; 6
   Google Scholar
• Stern S., Laties V. G., Stancampiano C. V., Cox C., de Lorge J. O. Behavioral Detection of 60 Hz Electric Fields by Rats. Abstracts of Bioelectromagnetics Society 5th Ann. Meeting 1983; 114
   Google Scholar
• Stern S., Laties V. G., Stancampiano C. V., Cox C., de Lorge J. O. Behavioral Detection of 60 Hz Electric Fields by Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4: 215–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavalas R. J., Walter D. O., Hamer J., Adey W. R. Effect of Low Level, Low Frequency Electric Fields on EEG and Behavior in Macaca Nemestrina. Brain Research 1970; 18: 491–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawln S. M., Kaczmarek L. K., Adey W. R. Effects of Modulated VHF Fields on the Central Nervous System. Biologic Effects of Nonionizing Radiation, P. Tyler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; 247: 74–81
   Google Scholar
• Kalmijn A. J. The Electric Sense of Sharks and Rays. J. Exp. Biol. 1971; 55: 371–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A. H. Brain Stem Evoked Responses Associated with Low Intensity Pulsed UHF Energy. J. Applied Physiology 1967; 23: 984–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Selfert E. Pulse Modulated UHF Energy Illumination of the Heart Associated with Change in Heart Rate. Life Sciences 1968; 7: 505–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt E. L., King N. W., Phillips R. D. Behavioral Effect of Pulsed Microwave Radiation. Biological Effects of Nonionizing Radiation, P. Tyler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; 247: 440–453
   Google Scholar
• Servantie B., Gillard J., Servantie A. M., Obrenovitch J., Bertharion G., Perrln J. C., Creton B., Plurien G. Comparative Study of the Action of Three Microwave Fields upon the Behavior of the White Rat
   Google Scholar
• Gage M. I. Operant Behavior of Rats Following Overnight Exposure to Microwaves. Int. Symp. on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves. USNC-URSI, Arlie, VA 1977; 118
   Google Scholar
• Roberti B., Heebels C. H., Hendricx J. O., DeGreef A. H.A.M., Wolthius O. L. Preliminary Investigations of the Effects of Low Level Microwave Radiation on Spontaneous Motor Activity in Rats. Biologic Effects of Nonionizing Radiation, P. Tyler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; 247: 417–425
   Google Scholar
• de Lorge J. The Effects of Microwave Radiation on Behavior and Temperature in Rhesus Monkeys. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore. HEW(FDA). 1975; 158, 77-8010, USNC-URSI
   Google Scholar
• de Lorge J. O., Ezell C. S. Vigilance Behavior in Rats Exposed to 1.28 GHz Microwave Irradiation. National Radio Science Meeting. Bio-electroraagnetics Symp. Seattle, WA 1979; 449
   Google Scholar
• McAfee R., Gordon A., Longacre J. R., May J., Elder S. T. Facial Irradiation of Freely Responding Macaca Mulatta by 9.3 GHz Pulsed Microwaves: A Long Term Investigation. Int. Symp. on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves. USNC-URSI, Arlie, VA 1977; 110
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Feld S. R., Frey B. Neural Function and Behavior: Defining the Relationship. Biologic Effects of Nonionizing Radiation, P. Tyler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; 433–439
   Google Scholar
• Grove A. M., Levinson D. M., Justesen D. R. Attempts to Cue Successful Escape from a Highly Intense Microwave Field by Photic Stimulation. National Radio Science Meeting. Bioelectromagnetics Symp., Seattle, WA 1979; 454
   Google Scholar
• Hjeresen D. L., Phillips R. D. Perception and Response to Pulsed Microwave Radiation by Rats. Abstracts of DSNC/URSI Ann. Meeting. Amherst, MA 1976; 4
   Google Scholar
• Monahan J. C., Henton W. W. Free Operant Avoidance and Escape from Microwave Radiation. Biological Effects and Measurements of Radio-frequency/Microwaves, Symposium Proceedings, D.G. Hazzard. HEW(FDA), Rockville, MD 1977; 77: 23–33; 8016
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Specter J. (1976) Irritability and Aggression in Mammals as Affected by Exposure to Electromagnetic Energy. Abstracts of 1976 USNC/URSI Ann. Meeting. 1976. Amherst, MA, 93
   Google Scholar
• Frey A. H., Wesler L. S. Modification of Tail Pinch Consummatory Behavior by Microwave Exposure. National Radio Science Meeting, Bioelectromagnetics Symp. Seattle, WA 1979; 456
   Google Scholar
• Schrot J., Thomas J. R., Banvard R. A. Effects of 2.8 GHz Microwave Radiation in Combination with Tranquiltzing Drugs on Fixed Interval Performance of Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 203
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Banvard R. A. Comparison of Continuous Wave and Pulsed Microwave Exposures on Conditioned Temporal Behavior in Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 203
   Google Scholar
• Maitland G., Thomas J. R. Behavioral Effects of Daily and Weekly 1 raW/cjn2 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) in Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 203
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J. R., Schrot J., Banvard R. A. Comparative Effects of Pulsed and Continuous Wave 2.8 GHz Mirowaves on Temporally Defined Behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 227–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H., Chou C.-K., Guy A. W. Psychoactive Drug Response is Affected by Acute Low Level Microwave Irradiation. Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado J. M.R. Biological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. J. Bioelectrtcity 1985; 4: 75–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risk/Benefit Analysis: The Microwave Case. Proceedings of Conference held by the Collegiate Institute for Values and Science, N.H. Steneck. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 1981
   Google Scholar