Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphism on metabolism of valproate and its hepatotoxin metabolite in Iranian patients

References

• Bojic U, Elmazar, MM, Hauck RS, Nau H. 1996. Further branching of valproate-related carboxylic acids reduces the teratogenic activity, but not the anticonvulsant effect. Chem Res Toxicol 9:866–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandolese R, Scordo MG, Spina E, Gusella M, Padrini R. 2001. Severe phenytoin intoxication in a subject homozygous for CYP2C9*3. Clin Pharmacol Ther 70:391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burian M, Grösch S, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G. 2002. Validation of a new fluorogenic real-time PCR assay for detection of CYP2C9 allelic variants and CYP2C9 allelic distribution in a German population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:518–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel J, Pedley TA, Aicardi J, Dichter MA. 2007. Epilepsy: a comprehensive text book. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher E, Siemes H, Pund R, Wittfoht W, Nau H. 1992. Valproate metabolites in serum and urine during antiepileptic therapy in children with infantile spasms: abnormal metabolite pattern associated with reversible hepatotoxicity. Epilepsia 33:165–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gopaul S, Farrell K, Abbott F. 2003. Effects of age and polytherapy, risk factors of valproic acid (VPA) hepatotoxicity, on the excretion of thiol conjugates of (E)-2,4-diene VPA in people with epilepsy taking VPA. Epilepsia 44:322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho PC, Abbott FS, Zanger UM, Chang TK. 2003. Influence of CYP2C9 genotypes on the formation of a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid in human liver microsomes. Pharmacogenomics J 3:335–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen CU, Johannessen SI. 2003. Valproate: past, present, and future. CNS. Drug Rev 9:199–216.
   Google Scholar
• Kesterson JW, Granneman GR, Machinist JM. 1984. The hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies. Hepatology 4:1143–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiang TK, Ho PC, Anari MR, Tong V, Abbott FS, Chang TK. 2006. Contribution of CYP2C9, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 to valproic acid metabolism in hepatic microsomes from individuals with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype. Toxicol Sci 94:261–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochen W, Schneider A, Ritz A. 1983. Abnormal metabolism of valproic acid in fatal hepatic failure. Eur J Pediatr. 141:30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Kaneko S, Otani K, Ishida M, Hirano T, Fukushima Y, Muranaka H, Koide N, Yokoyama M. 1992. Associations between risk factors for valproate hepatotoxicity and altered valproate metabolism. Epilepsia 33:172–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhara T, Inoue Y, Matsumoto M, Shinka T, Matsumoto I, Kitamura K, Fujii H, Sakura N. 1985. Altered metabolic profiles of valproic acid in a patient with Reye–s syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 145:135–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar S, Wong H, Yeung SA, Riggs KW, Abbott FS, Rurak DW. 2000. Disposition of valproic acid in maternal, fetal, and newborn sheep. II: metabolism and renal elimination. Drug Metab Dispos 28:857–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CR, Goldstein JA, Pieper JA. 2002. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics 12:251–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy RH, Rettenmeier AW, Anderson GD, Wilensky AJ, Friel PN, Baillie TA, Acheampong A, Tor J, Guyot M, Loiseau P. 1990. Effects of polytherapy with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and stiripentol on formation of 4-ene-valproate, a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48:225–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. 1988. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 16:1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucca E. 2002. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate: a summary after 35 years of clinical experience. CNS Drugs 16:695–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyvandi F, Spreafico M, Karimi M, Zeinali S, Mannucci PM, Bianchi BA. 2002. Allele frequency of CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms in Iran. Thromb Haemost 88:874–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F. 1992. Influence of co-medication on the metabolism of valproate. Pharm Weekbl Sci 19:108–113.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer H. 1990. Process for preparation (E)-2-propyl-2-pentenoic acid and physiologically compatible salts thereof. United States Patent 4945180. Available online at: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4945180.html, accessed December 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Scordo MG, Aklillu E, Yasar U, Dahl ML, Spina E. 2001. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 in a Caucasian and a black African population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:447–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva MF, Ruiter JP, IJlst L, Jakobs C, Duran M, de Almeida IT, Wanders RJ. 2001. Differential effect of valproate and its Delta2- and Delta4-unsaturated metabolites, on the beta-oxidation rate of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids. Chem Biol Interact 137:203–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugimoto T, Muro H, Woo M, Nishida N, Murakami K. 1996. Valproate metabolites in high-dose valproate plus phenytoin therapy. Epilepsia 37:1200–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan-Klose TH, Ghanayem BI, Bell DA, Zhang ZY, Kaminsky LS, Shenfield GM, Miners JO, Birkett DJ, Goldstein JA. 1996. The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics 6:341–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sztajnkrycer MD. 2002. Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40:789–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Echizen H. 2001. Pharmacogenetics of warfarin elimination and its clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:587–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennison MB, Miles MV, Pollack GM, Thorn MD, Dupuis RE. 1988. Valproate metabolites and hepatotoxicity in an epileptic population. Epilepsia 29:543–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong V, Teng XW, Chang TK, Abbott FS. 2005. Valproic acid I: time course of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, liver toxicity, and valproic acid metabolite levels in rats. Toxicol Sci 86:427–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen X, Wang JS, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT. 2001. In vitro evaluation of valproic acid as an inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 isoforms: preferential inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie HG, Prasad HC, Kim RB, Stein CM. 2002. CYP2C9 allelic variants: ethnic distribution and functional significance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:1257–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JQ, Morin S, Verstuyft C, Fan LA, Zhang Y, Xu CD, Barbu V, Funck-Brentano C, Jaillon P, Becquemont L. 2003. Frequency of cytochrome P450 2C9 allelic variants in the Chinese and French populations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17:373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zand N, Tajik N, Moghaddam AS, Milanian I. 2007. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 and 2C19 in a healthy Iranian population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar