289
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Evaluation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adduct levels and DNA strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with or without animal metabolic activation

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 170-183 | Received 08 Jun 2011, Accepted 13 Aug 2011, Published online: 15 Oct 2011

References

  • Akçay T, Saygili I, Andican G, Yalçin V. 2003. Increased formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in peripheral blood leukocytes in bladder cancer. Urol Int 71:271–274.
  • Anwar WA, Kamal AA. 1988. Cytogenetic effects in a group of traffic policemen in Cairo. Mutat Res 208:225–231.
  • Altman SA, Randers L, Rao G. 1993. Comparison of trypan blue dye exclusion and fluorometric assays for mammalian cell viability determinations. Biotechnol Prog 9:671–674.
  • Altuntas I, Osmanagaoglu Ö, Dagdelen S, Isildak M, Durusoy M, Erbas T. 2009. The availability of 8-oHdG, an oxidative DNA damage marker, in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thryroiditis. Endocrinol Dialog 6:151–155.
  • Amador-Muñoz O, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Aragón-Piña A, Tran TC, Morrison P, Marriott PJ. 2008. Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1201:161–168.
  • Annas A, Brittebo E, Hellman B. 2000. Evaluation of benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage in human endothelial cells using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Mutat Res 471:145–155.
  • Baer-Dubowska W. 1999. Alternative pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons activation: the formation of polar DNA adducts. Acta Biochim Pol 46:263–274.
  • Beland FA, Churchwell MI, Von Tungel LS, Chen S, Fu PP, Culp SJ, Schoket B, Györffy E, Minárovits J, Poirier MC, Bowman ED, Weston A, Doerge DR. 2005. High-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the detection and quantitation of benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 18:1306–1315.
  • Bialkowski K, Kowara R, Windorbska W, Olinski R. 1996. 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine level in lymphocytes DNA of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 99:93–97.
  • Binková B, Srám RJ. 2004. The genotoxic effect of carcinogenic PAHs, their artificial and environmental mixtures (EOM) on human diploid lung fibroblasts. Mutat Res 547:109–121.
  • Bonassi S, Neri M, Lando C, Ceppi M, Lin YP, Chang WP, Holland N, Kirsch-Volders M, Zeiger E, Fenech M; HUMN collaborative group. 2003. Effect of smoking habit on the frequency of micronuclei in human lymphocytes: results from the Human MicroNucleus project. Mutat Res 543:155–166.
  • Breton J, Sichel F, Bianchini F, Prevost V. 2003. Measurement of 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine by a commercially available ELISA test: comparison with HPLC/electrochemical detection in calf thymus DNA and determination in human serum. Anal Lett 36:123–134.
  • Briedé JJ, Godschalk RW, Emans MTG, De Kok TMC, van Agen E, van Maanen JMS, van Schooten F, Kleinjans JCS. 2004. In vitro and in vivo studies on oxygen free radical and DNA adduct formation in rat lung and liver during benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. Free Radic Res 38:995–1002.
  • Buening MK, Levin W, Wood AW, Chang RL, Yagi H, Karle JM, Jerina DM, Conney AH. 1979. Tumorigenicity of the dihydrodiols of dibenzo(a,h)anthracene on mouse skin and in newborn mice. Cancer Res 39:1310–1314.
  • Burchiel SW, Luster MI. 2001. Signaling by environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human lymphocytes. Clin Immunol 98:2–10.
  • Burdick AD, Davis JW 2nd, Liu KJ, Hudson LG, Shi H, Monske ML, Burchiel SW. 2003. Benzo(a)pyrene quinones increase cell proliferation, generate reactive oxygen species, and transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 63:7825–7833.
  • Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Wen-Wang L, Zhang YJ, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Osnaya N, Villarreal-Calderón A, Santella RM. 1999. 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, a major mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion, and DNA strand breaks in nasal respiratory epithelium of children exposed to urban pollution. Environ Health Perspect 107:469–474.
  • Calderón-Segura ME, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Butterworth FM, Amador-Muñoz O. 2004. The effects of seasonal weather on the genotoxicity, cytogenetic properties, cytotoxicity and organochemical content of extracts of airborne particulates in Mexico City. Mutat Res 558:7–17.
  • Carmichael PL, Platt KL, Shé MN, Lecoq S, Oesch F, Phillips DH, Grover PL. 1993. Evidence for the involvement of a bis-diol-epoxide in the metabolic activation of dibenz[a,h]anthracene to DNA-binding species in mouse skin. Cancer Res 53:944–948.
  • Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Bavazzano P, Cassinelli C, Frattini A, Perniconi B, Di Francesco A, Ciervo A, Rondinone B, Iavicoli S. 2006. Sister chromatid exchange and oxidative DNA damage in paving workers exposed to PAHs. Ann Occup Hyg 50:211–218.
  • Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Wiechec A, Panek A, Binková B, Srám RJ, Farmer PB. 2005. Influence of environmental exposure to PAHs on the susceptibility of lymphocytes to DNA-damage induction and on their repair capacity. Mutat Res 588:73–81.
  • Celi K A, Akbas E. 2005. Evaluation of sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of gasoline station attendants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:106–112.
  • Chandrasekaran R, Samy PL, Murthy PB. 1996. Increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in lymphocytes from traffic policemen exposed to automobile exhaust pollution. Hum Exp Toxicol 15:301–304.
  • Chiou CC, Chang PY, Chan EC, Wu TL, Tsao KC, Wu JT. 2003. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its analogs as DNA marker of oxidative stress: development of an ELISA and measurement in both bladder and prostate cancers. Clin Chim Acta 334:87–94.
  • Cheng YW, Tsai HJ, Wu JY, Hsu YF, Chen CY, Hao NJ, Lee H. 2007. A posible role for dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in the formation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in lung cancer cell and tumor tissues. Environ Mol Mut 48:14–21.
  • Cohen AJ. 2000. Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 4:743–750.
  • Cooke MS, Singh R, Hall GK, Mistry V, Duarte TL, Farmer P, Evans MD. 2006. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology for the analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in saliva and urine. Free Rad Biol Med 41:1829–1836.
  • Crohns M, Saarelainen S, Erhola M, Alho H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P. 2009. Impact of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage in lung cancer patients. Clin Biochem 42:1082–1090.
  • Dreij K, Seidel A, Jernström B. 2005. Differential renoval of DNA adducts derived from anti-diol epoxides of dibenzo(a,l)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene in human cells. Chem Res Toxicol 18:655–664.
  • Dzepina K, Arey J, Marr LC, Worsnop DR, Salcedo QZ, Onasch TB, Molina LT, Molina MJ, Jimenez JL. 2007. Detection of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City using an aerosol mass spectrometer. Int J Mass Spectrom 263:152–170.
  • Endo K, Miyashita Y, Sasaki H, Ebisuno M, Ohira M, Saiki A, Koide N, Oyama T, Takeyoshi M, Shirai K. 2006. Probucal and atorvastatin decrease urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in patients with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 13:68–75.
  • Evans MD, Singh R, Mistry V, Sandhu K, Farmer P, Cooke MS. 2008. Analysis of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-purine-2′-deoxyribonucleosides by LC-MS/MS and improved ELISA. Free Rad Res 42:831–840.
  • Foksinski M, Kotzbach R, Szymanski W, Olinski R. 2000. The level of typical biomarker of oxidative stress 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine is higher in uterine myomas than in control tissues and correlates with the size of the tumor. Free Radic Biol Med 29:597–601.
  • Fortoul TI, Valverde M, López MC, Avila-Costa MR, Avila-Casado MC, Mussali-Galante P, Gonzalez-Villalva A, Rojas E, Ostrosky-Shejet P. 2004. Genotoxic differences by sex in nasal epithelium and blood leukocytes in subjects residing in a highly polluted area. Environ Res 94:243–248.
  • Furukawa M, Nishimura M, Ogino D, Chiba R, Ikai I, Ueda N, Naito S, Kuribayashi S, Moustafa MA, Uchida T, Sawada H, Kamataki T, Funae Y, Fukumoto M. 2004. Cytochrome p450 gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in comparison with the liver. Cancer Sci 95:520–529.
  • Gackowski D, Rozalski R, Siomek A, Dziaman T, Nicpon K, Klimarczyk M, Araszkiewicz A, Olinski R. 2008. Oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage is characteristic for mixed Alzheimer disease/vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 266:57–62.
  • Garry S, Nesslany F, Aliouat E, Haguenoer JM, Marzin D. 2003. Assessment of genotoxic effect of benzo[a]pyrene in endotracheally treated rat using the comet assay. Mutat Res 534:33–43.
  • Geddie JE, Amin S, Huie K, Hecht SS. 1987. Formation and tumorigenicity of benzo[b]fluoranthene metabolites in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 8:1579–1584.
  • Glen ACA. 1996. Measurement of DNA and RNA in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chem Clin 13:299–313.
  • Grzybowska E, Hemminki K, Szeliga J, Chorazy M. 1993. Seasonal variation of aromatic DNA adducts in human lymphocytes and granulocytes. Carcinogenesis 14:2523–2526.
  • Gutiérrez-Castillo ME, Roubicek DA, Cebrián-García ME, De Vizcaya-Ruíz A, Sordo-Cedeño M, Ostrosky-Wegman P. 2006. Effect of chemical composition on the induction of DNA damage by urban airborne particulate matter. Environ Mol Mutagen 47:199–211.
  • Gyorffy E, Anna L, Kovács K, Rudnai P, Schoket B. 2008. Correlation between biomarkers of human exposure to genotoxins with focus on carcinogen-DNA adducts. Mutagenesis 23:1–18.
  • Haghdoost S, Sjölander L, Czene S, Harms-Ringdahl M. 2006. The nucleotide pool is a significant target for oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 41:620–626.
  • Harrigan JA, McGarrigle BP, Sutter TR, Olson JR. 2006. Tissue specific induction of cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 in rat liver and lung following in vitro and in vivo exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol In Vitro 20:426–438.
  • Harris CC, Vahakangas K, Newmant MJ, Trivers GE, Shamsuddin A, Sinopoli N, Mann D, Wright WE. 1985. Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts in serum from coke oven workers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82:6672–6676.
  • Hattori Y, Nishigori C, Tanaka T, Uchida K, Nikaido O, Osawa T, Hiai H, Imamura S, Toyokuni S. 1996. 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine is increased in epidermal cells of hairless mice after chronic ultraviolet B exposure. J Invest Dermatol 107:733–737.
  • Helbock HJ, Beckman KB, Ames BN. 1999. 8-hydrodeoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanine as biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage. Methods Enzymol 300:156–166.
  • Hsiao WL, Mo ZY, Fang M, Shi XM, Wang F. 2000. Cytotoxicity of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) ambient air pollutants assessed by the MTT and the comet assays. Mutat Res 471:45–55.
  • Kim JY, Mukherjee S, Ngo LC, Christiani DC. 2004. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to fine particulates. Environ Health Perspect 112:666–671.
  • Kleiner HE, Vulimiri SV, Hatten WB, Reed MJ, Nebert DW, Jefcoate CR, DiGiovanni J. 2004. Role of cytochrome P450 family members in the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mouse epidermis. Chem Res Toxicol 17:1667–1674.
  • Kondo S, Toyocuni S, Tanaka T, Hiai H, Onodera H, Kasai H, Imamura M. 2000. Overexpression of the hOGGI Gene and high 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) lyase activity in human colorectal carcinoma: regulation mechanism of the 8-OHdG level in DNA. Clin Cancer Res 6:1394–1400.
  • Kuo H, Chou S, Hu T, Wu F. 2007. Urinary 8-hydroxy- 2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. Mutat Res 631:62–68.
  • Lecoq S, Pfau W, Grover PL, Phillips DH. 1992. HPLC separation of 32P-postlabelled DNA adducts formed from dibenz[a,h]anthracene in skin. Chem Biol Interact 85:173–185.
  • Lin P, Hu SW, Chang TH. 2003. Correlation between gene expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), cytochromes P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1), and inducibility of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in human lymphocytes. Toxicol Sci 71:20–26.
  • Loft S, Høgh Danielsen P, Mikkelsen L, Risom L, Forchhammer L, Møller P. 2008. Biomarkers of oxidative damage to DNA and repair. Biochem Soc Trans 36:1071–1076.
  • Marczynski B, Rozynek P, Elliehausen HJ, Korn M, Baur X. 1997. Detection of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, in white blood cells of workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Arch Toxicol 71:496–500.
  • Marczynski B, Rihs HP, Rossbach B, Hölzer J, Angerer J, Scherenberg M, Hoffmann G, Brüning T, Wilhelm M. 2002. Analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine and DNA strand breaks in white blood cells of occupationally exposed workers: comparison with ambient monitoring, urinary metabolites and enzyme polymorphisms. Carcinogenesis 23:273–281.
  • Marczynski B, Pesch B, Wilhelm M, Rossbach B, Preuss R, Hahn JU, Rabstein S, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Seidel A, Rihs HP, Adams A, Scherenberg M, Erkes A, Engelhardt B, Straif K, Käfferlein HU, Angerer J, Brüning T. 2009. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage by industry: a nationwide study in Germany. Arch Toxicol 83:947–957.
  • Marie C, Ravanat JL, Badouard C, Marques M, Balducci F, Maître A. 2009. Urinary levels of oxidative DNA and RNA damage among workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicon production: comparison with 1-hydroxypyrene. Environ Mol Mutagen 50:88–95.
  • Marr LC, Grogan LA, Wöhrnschimmel H, Molina LT, Molina MJ, Smith TJ, Garshick E. 2004. Vehicle traffic as a source of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Environ Sci Technol 38:2584–2592.
  • Marston CP, Pereira C, Ferguson J, Fischer K, Hedstrom O, Dashwood WM, Baird WM. 2001. Effect of a complex environmental mixture from coal tar containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the tumor initiation, PAH-DNA binding and metabolic activation of carcinogenic PAH in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 22:1077–1086.
  • Martí-Cid R, Llobet JM, Castell V, Domingo JL. 2008. Evolution of the dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Catalonia, Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3163–3171.
  • Mass MJ, Abu-Shakra A, Roop BC, Nelson G, Galati AJ, Stoner GD, Nesnow S, Ross JA. 1996. Benzo[b]fluoranthene: tumorigenicity in strain A/J mouse lungs, DNA adducts and mutations in the Ki-ras oncogene. Carcinogenesis 17:1701–1704.
  • Maron DM, Ames BN. 1983. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113:173–215.
  • Miyake H, Hara I, Kamidono S, Eto H. 2004. Prognostic significance of oxidative DNA damage evaluated by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 64:1057–1061.
  • Molina MJ, Molina LT. 2004. Megacities and atmospheric pollution. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 54:644–680.
  • Nilsson RI, Nordlinder RG, Tagesson C, Walles S, Järvholm BG. 1996. Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to low levels of benzene from gasoline. Am J Ind Med 30:317–324.
  • Park S, Lee S, Ye S, Yoon S, Chung M, Choi J. 2006. Benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage and p53 modulation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells for the identification of potential biomarkers for PAH monitoring and risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 167:27–33.
  • Park JH, Mangal D, Frey AJ, Harvey RG, Blair IA, Penning TM. 2009. Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor facilitates DNA strand breaks and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine formation by the aldo-keto reductase product benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione. J Biol Chem 284:29725–29734.
  • Phillips DH. 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat Res 443:139–147.
  • Phillips DH. 2005. DNA adducts as markers of exposure and risk. Mutat Res 577:284–292.
  • Platt KL, Grupe S. 2005. Microsomal biotransformation of benzo[ghi]perylene, a mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon withouth ¨classic¨ bay region. Chem Res Toxicol 18:700–710.
  • Platt KL, Grupe S, Fickler M. 2008. The 3,4-oxide is responsible for the DNA binding of benzo[ghi]perylene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a “classic” bay-region. Chem Biol Interact 176:179–187.
  • Poirier MC. 2004. Chemical-induced DNA damage and human cancer risk. Nat Rev Cancer 4:630–637.
  • Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287:1132–1141.
  • Romano G, Sgambato A, Mancini R, Capelli G, Giovagnoli MR, Flamini G, Boninsegna A, Vecchione A, Cittadini A. 2000. 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in cervical cells: correlation with grade of dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Carcinogenesis 21:1143–1147.
  • Ross JA, Nelson GB, Holden KL, Kligerman AD, Erexson GL, Bryant MF, Earley K, Beach AC, Gupta RC, Nesnow S. 1992. DNA adducts and induction of sister chromatid exchanges in the rat following benzo[b]fluoranthene administration. Carcinogenesis 13:1731–1734.
  • Roszkowski K, Gackowski D, Rozalski R, Dziaman T, Siomek A, Guz J, Szpila A, Foksinski M, Olinski R. 2008. Small field radiotherapy of head and neck cancer patients is responsible for oxidatively damaged DNA/oxidative stress on the level of a whole organism. Int J Cancer 123:1964–1967.
  • Ruan Q, Gelhaus SL, Penning TM, Harvey RG, Blair IA. 2007. Aldo−keto reductase- and cytochrome p450-dependent formation of benzo[a]pyrene-derived dna adducts in human bronchoalveolar cells. Chem Res Toxicol 20:424–431.
  • Schins RP, Schilderman PA, Borm PJ. 1995. Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of coal workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67:153–157.
  • Shimada T, Guengerich FP. 2006. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 1A1-, 1A2- and 1B1-mediated activation of procarcinogens to genotoxic metabolites by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Res Toxicol 19:288–294.
  • Shimoi K, Kasai H, Yokota N, Toyokuni S, Kinae N. 2002. Comparison between high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in human urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:767–770.
  • Singh N, McCoy M, Tice R, Schneider E. 1988. A simple technique for quantization of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 175:184–191.
  • Singh R, Teichert F, Seidel A, Roach J, Cordell R, Cheng MK, Frank H, Steward WP, Manson MM, Farmer PB. 2010. Development of a targeted adductomic method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts using online column-switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:2329–2340.
  • Staal YC, van Herwijnen MH, Pushparajah DS, Umachandran M, Ioannides C, van Schooten FJ, van Delft JH. 2007. Modulation of gene expression and DNA-adduct formation in precision-cut liver slices exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of different carcinogenic potency. Mutagenesis 22:55–62.
  • Svihálková-Sindlerová L, Machala M, Pencíková K, Marvanová S, Neca J, Topinka J, Sevastyanova O, Kozubík A, Vondrácek J. 2007. Dibenzanthracenes and benzochrysenes elicit both genotoxic and nongenotoxic events in rat liver ‘stem-like’ cells. Toxicology 232:147–159.
  • Takaishi M, Sawada M, Shimada A, Suzuki JS, Satoh M, Nagase H. 2009. Protective role of mellathionein in benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage. Toxicol Sci 34:449–458.
  • Takahashi K, Pan G, Kasai H, Hanaoka T, Feng Y, Liu N, Zhang S, Xu Z, Tsuda T, Yamato H, Higashi T, Okubo T. 1997. Relationship between asbestos exposures and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in leukocytes DNA of workers at a Chinese asbestos-material plant. Int J Occup Environ Health 3:111–119.
  • Tarantini A, Maitre A, Lefebvre E, Marques M, Marie C, Ravanat JL, Douki T. 2009. Relative contribution of DNA strand breaks and DNA adducts to the genotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene as a pure compound and in complex mixtures. Mutat Res 671:67–75.
  • Thornhill DA, Foy B, Herndon SC, Onasch TB, Wood EC, Zavala M, Molina LT, Gaffney JS, Marley NA, Marr LC. 2008. Spatial and temporal variability of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City. Atm Chem Phys 8:3093–3105.
  • Tice R, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H, Miyamae Y, Rojas E, Ryu JC, Sasaki YF. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:206–221.
  • Topinka J, Schwarz LR, Kiefer F, Wiebel FJ, Gajdos O, Vidová P, Dobiás L, Fried M, Srám RJ, Wolff T. 1998. DNA adduct formation in mammalian cell cultures by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH in coke oven emission extract. Mutat Res 419:91–105.
  • Topinka J, Marvanová S, Vondrácek J, Sevastyanova O, Nováková Z, Krcmár P, Pencíková K, Machala M. 2008. DNA adducts formation and induction of apoptosis in rat liver epithelial ‘stem-like’ cells exposed to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mutat Res 638:122–132.
  • Tsurudome Y, Hirano T, Yamato H, Tanaka I, Sagai M, Hirano H, Nagata N, Itoh H, Kasai H. 1999. Changes in levels of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA, its repair and OGG1 mRNA in rat lungs after intratracheal administration of diesel exhaust particles. Carcinogenesis 20:1573–1576.
  • Valverde M, del Carmen López M, López I, Sánchez I, Fortoul TI, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Rojas E. 1997. DNA damage in leukocytes and buccal and nasal epithelial cells of individuals exposed to air pollution in Mexico City. Environ Mol Mutagen 30:147–152.
  • van Duursen MB, Sanderson JT, van den Berg M. 2005. Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 in human blood lymphocytes are not suitable as biomarkers of exposure to dioxin-like compounds: polymorphisms and interindividual variation in expression and inducibility. Toxicol Sci 85:703–712.
  • Villalobos-Pietrini R, Amador-Muñoz O, Walisevski S, Hernández M, Munive C, Gómez A, Bravo C, Frías V. 2006. Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with extractable organic matter from airborne particles 10 μm in southwest México City. Atm Environ 40:5845–5857.
  • Weyand EH, Cai ZW, Wu Y, Rice JE, He ZM, LaVoie EJ. 1993. Detection of the major DNA adducts of benzo[b]fluoranthene in mouse skin: role of phenolic dihydrodiols. Chem Res Toxicol 6:568–577.
  • Wiencke JK, McDowell ML, Bodell WJ. 1990. Molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts and sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes treated with benzo[a]pyrene. Carcinogenesis 11:1497–1502.
  • Wiseman H, Kaur H, Halliwell B. 1995. DNA damage and cancer: measurement and mechanism. Cancer Lett 93:113–120.
  • Wu LL, Chiou CC, Chang PY, Wu JT. 2004. Urinary 8-OHdG: a marker of oxidative stress to DNA and a risk factor for cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetics. Clin Chim Acta 339:1–9.
  • Xue W, Warshawsky D. 2005. Metabolic activation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206:73–93.
  • Yoshida R, Ogawa Y, Kasai H. 2002. Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine values measured by an ELISA correlated well with measurements by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1076–1081.
  • Yin B, Whyatt RM, Perera FP, Randall MC, Cooper TB, Santella M. 1995. Determination of hydroxydeoxyguanosine by an immunoaffinity chromatography-monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Free Radic Biol Med 18:1023–1032.
  • Zanesi N, Ferraro P, Pavanello S, Furlan D, Celotti L. 1994. Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of anti- and syn-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide in human lymphocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 8:1269–1275.
  • Zhang J, Ichiba M, Hanaoka T, Pan G, Yamano Y, Hara K, Takahashi K, Tomokuni K. 2003. Leukocyte 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and aromatic DNA adduct in coke-oven workers with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:499–504.
  • Zavala M, Herndon SC, Wood EC, Onasch TV, Knighton WB, Marr LC, Kolb CE, Molina LT. 2009. Evaluation of mobile emission contributions to Mexico City’s emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data. Atm Chem Phys 9:6305–6317.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.