Sildenafil citrate attenuates the deleterious effects of elevated ammonia

References

• Aebi H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed AE, Gamal IH, Loh J, Abdel-Rahman SZ. (1991). Studies on mechanism of haloacetonitrile induced gastrointestinal toxicity, interaction of dibromoacetonitrile with glutathione as glutathione-s-transferase in rats. J Biol Toxicol 612:115–21
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht J. (2007). Ammonia toxicity in the central nervous system. In: Lajtha A, Johnson A, Dianna A, eds. Handbook of neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology. Chapter 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 261–76
   Google Scholar
• Baynes JW. (1995). Reactive oxygen in the aetiology and complications of diabetes. In: Ioannides C, Flatt PR, eds. Drug diet and disease. Vol. 2. Mechanistic approach to diabetes. Hertfortshive: Ellis Horwood limited, 230–1
   Google Scholar
• Benito S, Lopez D, Sáiz MP, et al. (2002). A flavonoid-rich diet increases nitric oxide production in rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 135:910–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton GW. (1994). Vitamin E: molecular and biological function. Proc Nutr Soc 53:251–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadirci E, Halici Z, Odabasoglu F, et al. (2011). Sildenafil treatment attenuates lung and kidney injury due to overproduction of oxidant activity in a rat model of sepsis: a biochemical and histopathological study. Clin Exp Immunol 166:374–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnon L, Braissant O. (2008). Role of caspases, calpain and cdk5 in ammonia-induced cell death in developing brain cells. Neurobiol Dis 32:281–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr TP, Andresen CJ, Rudel LL. (1993). Enzymatic determination of triglyceride, free cholesterol, and total cholesterol in tissue lipid extracts. Clin Biochem 26:39–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepkova AN, Sergeeva OA, Haas HL. (2006). Taurine rescues hippocampal long-term potentiation from ammonia-induced impairment. Neurobiol Dis 23:512–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomkczynski P, Sacchi N. (1987). Single step method for RNA isolation by the acid guanidinum thiocyanate phenol chloroform methods. Anal Biochem 162:156–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chromy V, Fischer J. (1977). Photometric determination of total protein in lipemic sera. Clin Chem 23:754–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang AT, Strauss JD, Murphy RA, Steers WD. (1998). Sildenafil, a type-5 CGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, specifically amplifies endogenous cGMP-dependent relaxation in rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in vitro. J Urol 160:257–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciani E, Guidi S, Bartesaghi R, Contestabile A. (2002). Nitric oxide regulates cGMP-dependent cAMP-responsive element binding protein phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression in cerebellar neurons: implication for a survival role of nitric oxide. J Neurochem 82:1282–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbalán R, Chatauret N, Behrends S, et al. (2002). Region selective alterations of soluble guanylate cyclase content and modulation in brain of cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 36:1155–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakshayani KB, Velvizhi S, Subramanian P. (2002). Effects of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate on circulatory antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products in ammonium acetate treated rats. Ann Nutr Metab 46:93–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh DR, Deshmukh GD, Shope TC, Radin NS. (1983). Free fatty acids in an animal model of Reye's syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta 753:153–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domek-Łopacińska K, Strosznajder JB. (2005). Cyclic GMP metabolism and its role in brain physiology. J Physiol Pharmacol 56:15–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebrahimi F, Shafaroodi H, Asadi S, et al. (2009). Sildenafil decreased cardiac cell apoptosis in diabetic mice: reduction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 87:556–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Metwally MA, Sharabi FM, Daabees TT, et al. (2007). Involvement of alpha-receptors and potassium channels in the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate. Int J Impot Res 19:551–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erceg S, Monfort P, Hernandez-Viadel M, et al. (2005a). Restoration of learning ability in hyperammonemic rats by increasing extracellular cGMP in brain. Brain Res 1036:115–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erceg S, Monfort P, Hernández-Viadel M, et al. (2005b). Oral administration of sildenafil restores learning ability in rats with hyperammonemia and with portacaval shunts. Hepatology 41:299–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essa MM, Ali AA, Waly MI, et al. (2010). Effect of leaves on serum lipids in ammonium chloride induced experimental hyperammonemic rats Pongamia pinnata. Int J Biol Med Res 1:71–3
   Google Scholar
• Essa MM, Subramanian P. (2006). Pongamia pinnata modulates oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during hyperammonemic rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 20:299–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essa MM, Subramanian P, Suthakar G, et al. (2005). Protective influence of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) on blood ammonia and urea levels in ammonium chloride induced hyperammonemia. J Appl Biomed 3263:13–24
   Google Scholar
• Fayed AH, Gad SB. (2011). Effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on trace element concentration in serum and brain of rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 25:236–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felipo V. (2006). Contribution of altered signal transduction associated to glutamate receptors in brain to the neurological alterations of hepatic encephalopathy. World J Gastroenterol 12:7737–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng G, Masao S, Hideaki N. (2005). Phosphodiestrase 5 inhibitor, zaprinast, selectively increases cerebral blood flow in the ischemic penumbra in the rat brain. Neurol Res 27:638–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati P, Prencipe L. (1982). Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin Chem 28:2077–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal VK, Francis SH, Corbin JD. (2001). Allosteric sites of phosphodiestrase-5 (PDE-5). Eur J Biochem 268:3304–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon SA, Fleck A, Bell J. (1978). Optimal conditions for the estimation of ammonium by the Berthelot reaction. Ann Clin Biochem 15:270–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove TH. (1979). Effect of reagent pH on determination of HDL cholesterol by precipitation with sodium phosphotungestate-magnesium. Clin Chem 25:560--4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Samaja M. (2007). The role of PDE5-inhibitors in cardiopulmonary disorders: from basic evidence to clinical development. Curr Med Chem 14:1893–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häberle J. (2011). Clinical practice: the management of hyperammonemia. Eur J Pediatr 170:21–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall CN, Attwell D. (2008). Assessing the physiological concentrations and targets of nitric oxide in brain tissue. J Physiol 586:3597–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. (2001). Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs Aging 18:685–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson AR, Moss DW. (2001). Enzymes. In: Burits CA, Ashwood ER, eds. Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 352
   Google Scholar
• Hwang DF, Wang LC. (2001). Effect of taurine on toxicity of cadmium in rats. Toxicology 167:173–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwu W, Chiang SC, Chang MH, Wang TR. (2000). Carnitine transport defect presenting with hyperammonemia: report of one case. Chung Hua Min Muo Hsiao Erh Ko I Heueh Hui Tsa Chih 41:36–8
   Google Scholar
• Karatza AA, Bush A, Magee AG. (2005). Safety and efficacy of sildenafil therapy in children with pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 100:267–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BJ, Ryu SW, Song BJ. (2006). JNK- and p38 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Bax leads to its activation and mitochondrial translocation and to apoptosis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem 281:21256–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojda G, Kottenbery K, Nix P, et al. (1996). Low increase in cGMP induced by organic nitrates and nitrovasodilators improves contractile response of rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 78:91–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kone BC. (2004). Nitric oxide synthesis in the kidney: isoforms, biosynthesis, and functions in health. Semin Nephrol 24:299–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosenko E, Kaminsky A, Valencia M, et al. (1997). Superoxide production and antioxidant enzymes in ammonia intoxication in rats. Free Radic Res 27:637–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FS. (2002). Cerebral blood flow in hyperammonemia: heterogeneity and starling forces in capillaries. Metab Brain Dis 17:229–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lena PJ, Subramanian P. (2003). Evaluation of the antiperoxidative effects of melatonin in ammonium acetate-treated Wistar rats. Pol J Pharmacol 55:1031–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lena PJ, Subramanian P. (2004). Effects of melatonin on the levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products in rats treated with ammonium acetate. Pharmazie 59:636–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CS, Lin G, Xin ZC, Lue TF. (2006). Expression, distribution and regulation of phosphodiestrase 5. Curr Pharm Des 12:3439–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas KA, Pitari GM, Kazerounian S, et al. (2000). Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacol Rev 53:375–414
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud AM. (2012). Influence of rutin on biochemical alterations in hyperammonemia in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 64:783–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majeed KI. (2005). Hyperammonemia is associated with an increase in inhibitory neurotransmission as a consequence of two factors. E Med J 2:12–15
   Google Scholar
• Marañón E, Ulmanub M, Fernándeza Y, et al. (1996). Removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions with volcanic tuff. J Hazard Mater 137:1402–9
   Google Scholar
• Mates JM, Pıerez-Gomıez C, De Castro IN. (1999). Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem 32:595–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias RS, Kostiner D, Packman S. (2001). Hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders: role of the nephrologist. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1069–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiattini F, Prencipe L, Bardelli F, Giannini G. (1978). The 4-hydroxybenzoate/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system used in the enzymatic determination of serum cholesterol. Clin Chem 24:2161–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshage H, Kok B, Heuzenga JR, Jansen PL. (1995). Nitrite and nitrate determination in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin Chem 41:892–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro S, Maniatis T. (1989). Expression cloning of the murine interferon gamma receptor cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9248–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy CR, Rama Rao KV, Bai G, Norenburg MD. (2001). Ammonia induced production of free radicals in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 66:282–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson DL, Cox MM. (2000). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. London: W.H. Freeman Publisher
   Google Scholar
• Nishikimi M, Roa NA, Yogi K. (1972). The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem Bioph Res Common 46:849–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockaili R, Salloum F, Hawkins J, Kukreja RC. (2002). Sildenafil (Viagra) induces powerful cardioprotective effect via opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H1263–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95:351–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 70:158–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puerta E, Barros-Minones L, Hervias I, et al. (2012). Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of sildenafil against 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine deficits in the rat brain. J Neurosci Res 90:518–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajesh MG, Latha MS. (2004). Preliminary evaluation of antihepatotoxic activity of Kamilari, a poly herbal formulation. J Ethnopharmacol 91:99–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo R, Jover R, Candela A, et al. (2005). Bile duct ligation plus hyperammonemia in rats reproduces the alterations in the modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide in brain of cirrhotic patients. Neuroscience 130:435–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosalki SB, Foo AY, Burlina A, et al. (1993). Multicenter evaluation of Iso-ALP test kit for measurement of bone alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and plasma. Clin Chem 39:648–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupinder SK, Gurpreet AK, Manjeet S. (2007). Cell suicide and caspases. Vascul Pharmacol 46:383–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagud M, Mihaljevic-Peles A, Pivac N, et al. (2009). Lipid levels in female patients with affective disorders. Psychiatry Res 168:218–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S, Dringenberg HC, Bennett BM, et al. (2000). A novel nitrate ester reverses the cognitive impairment caused by scopolamine in the Morris water maze. Neuro Rep 11:3883–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Parathasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. (1989). Modifications of low density lipoproteins that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 320:915–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subash S, Subramanian P. (2009). Morin a flavonoid exerts antioxidant potential in chronic hyperammonemic rats: a biochemical and histopathological study. Mol Cell Biochem 327:153–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subash S, Subramanian P. (2011). Impact of morin (a bioflavonoid) on ammonium chloride-mediated oxidative damage in rat kidney. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 1:174–8
   Google Scholar
• Subash S, Subramanian P. (2012). Protective effect of morin on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2:103–6
   Google Scholar
• Thippeswamy T, McKay JS, Quinn JP, Morris R. (2006). Nitric oxide, a biological double-faced janus – is this good or bad? Histol Histopathol 21:445–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velvizhi S, Dakshayani KB, Subramanian P. (2002). Protective influences of alpha-keto glutarate on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status ammonium acetate rats. Ind J Exp Biol 40:1183–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vijayakumar N, Subramanian P. (2010). Neuroprotective effect of Semecarpus anacardium against hyperammonemia in rats. J Pharm Res 3:1564–68
   Google Scholar
• Walker DK, Ackland MJ, James GC, et al. (1999). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sildenafil in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog and man. Xenobiotica 29:297–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Gaylord BS, Bazan GC. (2004). Fluorescein provides a resonance gate for FRET from conjugated polymers to DNA intercalated dyes. J Am Chem Soc 126:5446–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams BA, Liu C, Deyoung L, et al. (2005). Regulation of intracellular Ca2+ release in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle: synergism between nitric oxide and cGMP. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C650–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolin M. (2000). Interactions of oxidants with vascular signaling systems. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1430–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Omori K, Suzukawa J, Inagaki C. (2004). Calcineurin-mediated BAD Ser155 dephosphorylation in ammonia-induced apoptosis of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 357:73–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldız H, Durmus AS, Simşek H, Yaman M. (2012). Dose-dependent protective effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after torsion/detorsion in rats. Andrologia 44:300–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapp K-H, Wostbrock K-H, Schäfer M, et al. (2012). Ullmann's encylopedia of industrial chemistry book. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH
   Google Scholar
• Zhang RL, Zhang Z, Zhang L, et al. (2006). Delayed treatment with sildenafil enhances neurogenesis and improves functional recovery in aged rats after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 83:1213–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielińska M, Fresko I, Konopacka A, et al. (2007). Hyperammonemia inhibits the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR-2)-mediated cyclic GMP synthesis in the astrocytic compartment of rat cerebral cortex slices. Neurotoxicology 28:1260–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar