Lung Dysfunction of Chronic Smokers with No Signs of COPD

REFERENCES

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Available from www.goldcopd.com (2009 update).
   Google Scholar
• Celli BR. Update on the management of COPD. Chest 2008; 133;1451–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: Risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet 2007; 370:765–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano JB, Zielinski J, Price D. Screening for and early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2009; 374:721–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee G, Walser TC, Dubinett SM. Chronic inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Tuder RM. Pathobiology of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1047–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, Cherniack RM, Rogers RM, Sciurba FC, Coxson HO, Paré PD. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2645– 2653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanescu D. Small airways obstruction syndrome. Chest 1999; 116: 231–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P. Lung hyperinflation in COPD: The impact of pharmacotherapy Eur Respir Rev 2006; 15:85–89.
   Google Scholar
• Blonshine S, Goldman MD. Optimizing performance of respiratory airflow resistance measurements. Chest 2008; 134:1304–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton N. Review series: Lung function made easy. Assessing lung size. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2007; 4:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borill ZL, Roy K, Vessey RS, Woodcock AA, Singh D. Non-invasive biomarkers and pulmonary function test in smokers. Inter J COPD 2008; 3:171–183.
   Google Scholar
• Kohansal R, Martinez-Camblor P, Agustí A, Buist AS, Mannino DM, Soriano JB. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited, An analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold PM. The 2007 GOLD Guidelines: A comprehensive care framework. Respir Care 2009; 54:1040–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977; 1:1645–1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Van Der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Wanger J. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:948–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party, Standardization of Lung Function Tests“. European Coal and Steel Community. Eur Respir J 1993; 6 (Suppl. 16):5–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, Pedersen OF, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Crapo R, Enright P, Van Der Grinten CPM, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson D, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pellegrino R, Viegi G. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Series “ATS/ERS Task force: Standardization of lung function testing” Edited by V. Brusasco, R. Crapo and G. Viegi. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:511–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman MD, Smith HJ, Ulmer WT. Whole-body plethysmography. Eur Respir Mon 2005; 31:15–43.
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque ALP, Nery LE, Villaça DS, Machado TYS, Oliveira CC, Paes ÂT, Neder JA. Inspiratory fraction and exercise impairment in COPD patients GOLD stages II–III. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madama VC. Pulmonary Function Testing and Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing. Second Edition, New York: Delmar Publisher Team; 1998:100–105.
   Google Scholar
• Irvin CG. Guide to the evaluation of pulmonary function. In. Hamid Q, Joanne Shannon J, Martin J. Physiologic Basis of Pulmonary Disease. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.; 2005:649–658.
   Google Scholar
• Parr DG, Stoel BC, Stolk J, Stockley RA. Pattern of emphysema distribution in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency influences lung function impairment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1172–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusasco V. Fitting JW. Lung hyperinflation in airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:2440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MR, Quanjer PH, Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL. Interpreting lung function data using 80 percent of predicted and fixed thresholds misclassifies over 20% of patients. Chest. 2010 [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JE, Sun XG, Wasserman K. Spirometric criteria for airway obstruction: Use percentage of FEV1/FVC ratio below the fifth percentile, not < 70%. Chest. 2007; 131:349–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez RA, Pinto Plata V, Cabral HJ. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructivepulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1005–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Prescott E, Almdal T, Dahl M, Nordestgaard BG, Andersen T, Sørensen TI, Lange P. Body mass, fat-free body mass, and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from a random population sample: Findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis JP, Selter JG, Wang Y, Rathore SS, Jovin IS, Jadbabaie F, Kosiborod M, Portnay EL, Sokol SI, Bader F, Krumholz HM. The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulain M, Doucet M, Drapeau V, Fournier G, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Maltais F. Metabolic and inflammatory profile in obese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2008; 5:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ten Hacken NH. Physical inactivity and obesity: relation to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6:663–667.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ora J, Laveneziana P, Ofir D, Deesomchok A, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Combined Effects of Obesity and COPD on Dyspnea and Exercise Tolerance Amer J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:964–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar