Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Non-smokers: A Case-Comparison Study

References

• World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2011. WHO Press, Geneva, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity and Mortalitity: Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lamprecht B, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, Gudmundsson G, Welte T, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Studnicka M, Bateman E, Anto JM, Burney P, Mannino DM, Buist SA, the BOLD Collaborative Research Group f. COPD in Never Smokers: Results From the Population-Based Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease Study. Chest 2011; 139(4):752–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coultas DB, Mapel D, Gagnon R, Lydick E. The health impact of undiagnosed airflow obstruction in a national sample of United States adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(3):372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, Kuenzli N, Perez-Padilla R, Postma D, Romieu I, Silverman EK, Balmes JR, Committee on Nonsmoking COPD E, Assembly OH. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182(5):693–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. 2013; Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Love RG, Miller BG. Longitudinal study of lung function in coal-miners. Thorax 1982; 37(3):193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G. American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(5):787–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KR. Inaugural article: national burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(24):13286–13293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman J, Winter B, Sastre A. Alpha 1-antitrypsin Pi-types in 965 COPD patients. Chest 1986; 89(3):370–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, Schnohr P, Jensen G. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(17):1194–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Backer V. Nonreversible airflow obstruction in life-long nonsmokers with moderate to severe asthma. Eur Respir J 1999; 14(4):892–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA. Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. Chest 2004; 126(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(21):2226–2235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AL, Palmer LJ, Kicic E, Maxwell PS, Lagan SE, Ryan GF, Musk AW. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: the effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(2):109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra A, Vonk JM, Jongepier H, Koppelman GH, Schouten JP, ten Hacken NHT, Timens W, Postma DS. Lung function decline in asthma: association with inhaled corticosteroids, smoking and sex. Thorax 2006; 61(2):105–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Lange P. Decline of lung function in adults with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150(3):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Marco R, Accordini S, Marcon A, Cerveri I, Antó JM, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Sunyer J, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P, the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) f. Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a European Cohort of Young Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:891–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman MG, Zhang L, Murphy J, Hansel NN, Make B, Hokanson JE, Washko G, Regan EA, Crapo JD, Silverman EK, DeMeo DL, Investigators COPDG. Early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with female sex, maternal factors, and African American race in the COPDGene Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184(4):414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin M, Silverman EK, Barr RG, Hansel NN, Schroeder JD, Make BJ, Crapo JD, Hersh CP, Investigators tC. The clinical features of the overlap between COPD and asthma. Respir Res 2011; 12(1):127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Xu X, Rosner B, Weiss ST. Airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine associated with accelerated decline in FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995: 151(5):1377–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PJ, Greville HW, Finucane KE. Asthma and irreversible airflow obstruction. Thorax 1984; 39(2):131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finucane KE, Greville HW, Brown PJ. Irreversible airflow obstruction. Evolution in asthma. Med J Aust 1985; 142(11):602–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Crapo R, Enright P, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Wanger J. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26(2):319–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts HR, Wells AU, Milne DG, Rubens MB, Kolbe J, Cole PJ, Hansell DM. Airflow obstruction in bronchiectasis: correlation between computed tomography features and pulmonary function tests. Thorax 2000; 55(3):198–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalla M, Turcios N, Aponte V, Jenkins M, Leitman BS, McCauley DI, Naidich DP. Cystic fibrosis: scoring system with thin-section CT. Radiology 1991; 179(3):783–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Wanger J. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005; 26(5):948–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher CM, Elmes PC, Fairbairn AS, Wood CH. The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population. Br Med J 1959; 2(5147):257–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung A, Naidich D, Belinskaya I, Raoof S. The role of chest radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007; 13(1):31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Haselkorn T, Borish L, Rasouliyan L, Chipps BE, Wenzel SE. Risk factors associated with persistent airflow limitation in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma: insights from the TENOR study. Chest 2007; 132(6):1882–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri LM, Romagnoli M, Corbetta L, Casoni G, Busljetic K, Turato G, Ligabue G, Ciaccia A, Saetta M, Papi A. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(3):418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery PK. Comparison of the structural and inflammatory features of COPD and asthma. Giles F. Filley Lecture. Chest 2000; 117(5 Suppl 1):251S–260S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larj MJ, Bleecker ER. Therapeutic responses in asthma and COPD. Corticosteroids. Chest 2004; 126(2 Suppl):138S–149S; discussion 159S–161S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenzel SE, Schwartz LB, Langmack EL, Halliday JL, Trudeau JB, Gibbs RL, Chu HW. Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160(3):1001–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Backer V, Dirksen A. A 10 year follow up of 180 adults with bronchial asthma: factors important for the decline in lung function. Thorax 1992; 47(1):14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw DE, Berry MA, Hargadon B, McKenna S, Shelley MJ, Green RH, Brightling CE, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. Association between neutrophilic airway inflammation and airflow limitation in adults with asthma. Chest 2007; 132(6):1871–1875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharitonov SA, Yates DH, Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids decrease nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(1):454–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, Bousquet J, Drazen JM, FitzGerald M, Gibson P, Ohta K, O'Byrne P, Pedersen SE, Pizzichini E, Sullivan SD, Wenzel SE, Zar HJ. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J 2008; 31(1):143–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand PL, Quanjer PH, Postma DS, Kerstjens HA, Koëter GH, Dekhuijzen PN, Sluiter HJ. Interpretation of bronchodilator response in patients with obstructive airways disease. The Dutch Chronic Non-Specific Lung Disease (CNSLD) Study Group. Thorax 1992; 47(6):429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Jones PW. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003; 58(8):659–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermer T, Heijdra Y, Zadel S, van den Bemt L, Winter LB-d, Dekhuijzen R, Smeele I. Flow and volume responses after routine salbutamol reversibility testing in mild to very severe COPD. Respir Med 2007; 101(6):1355–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braman SS, Kaemmerlen JT, Davis SM. Asthma in the elderly. A comparison between patients with recently acquired and long-standing disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143(2):336–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassino C, Berger KI, Goldring RM, Norman RG, Kammerman S, Ciotoli C, Reibman J. Duration of asthma and physiologic outcomes in elderly nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(4 Pt 1):1423–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly CK, Chan NS, Prescott RJ. The relationship between age and duration of asthma and the presence of persistent obstruction in asthma. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64(752):422–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen F, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Greene JM, Herbison GP, Sears MR. Risk factors for airway remodeling in asthma manifested by a low postbronchodilator FEV1/vital capacity ratio: a longitudinal population study from childhood to adulthood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165(11):1480–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennant PWG, Gibson GJ, Pearce MS. Lifecourse predictors of adult respiratory function: results from the Newcastle Thousand Families Study. Thorax 2008; 63(9):823–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Holberg CJ, Guilbert TW, Taussig LM, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172(10):1253–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai ASN, Tran H, Roberts M, Clarke N, Wilson JW, Robertson CF. Pediatric origins of adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:A2275.
   Google Scholar
• O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Busse WW, Tan WC, Chen Y-Z, Ohlsson SV, Ullman A, Lamm CJ, Pauwels RA, Group STARTI. Effects of early intervention with inhaled budesonide on lung function in newly diagnosed asthma. Chest 2006; 129(6):1478–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Wang C, Yao W, Chen P, Kang J, Huang S, Chen B, Ni D, Wang X, Wang D, Liu S, Lu J, Zheng J, Zhong N, Ran P. COPD in Chinese nonsmokers. Eur Respir J 2009; 33(3):509–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD, Shaheen SO. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991; 303(6804):671–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed CE. The natural history of asthma in adults: the problem of irreversibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(4):539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Hudon C, Carrier G, Maltais F. Clinical, physiological and radiological features of asthma with incomplete reversibility of airflow obstruction compared with those of COPD. Can Respir J 1998; 5(4): 270–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biernacki W, Redpath AT, Best JJ, MacNee W. Measurement of CT lung density in patients with chronic asthma. Eur Respir J 1997; 10(11):2455–2459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignola AM, Paganin F, Capieu L, Scichilone N, Bellia M, Maakel L, Bellia V, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P. Airway remodelling assessed by sputum and high-resolution computed tomography in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 24(6):910–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz S, Ekici A, Ekici M, Keles H. High-resolution computed tomography findings in elderly patients with asthma. Eur J Radiol 2006; 59(2):238–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel IS, Vlahos I, Wilkinson TMA, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wilks M, Reznek RH, Wedzicha JA. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170(4):400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafadhel M, Umar I, Gupta S, Raj JV, Vara DD, Entwisle JJ, Pavord ID, Brightling CE, Siddiqui S. The role of CT scanning in multidimensional phenotyping of COPD. Chest 2011; 140(3):634–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien C, Guest PJ, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Physiological and radiological characterisation of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Thorax 2011; 183:891–897.
   Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Seneterre E, Chanez P, Daures JP, Bruel JM, Michel FB, Bousquet J. Computed tomography of the lungs in asthma: influence of disease severity and etiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(1):110–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisaccioni C, Aun MV, Cajuela E, Kalil J, Agondi RC, Giavina-Bianchi P. Comorbidities in severe asthma: frequency of rhinitis, nasal polyposis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vocal cord dysfunction and bronchiectasis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64(8):769–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Siddiqui S, Haldar P, Raj JV, Entwisle JJ, Wardlaw AJ, Bradding P, Pavord ID, Green RH, Brightling CE. Qualitative analysis of high-resolution CT scans in severe asthma. Chest 2009; 136(6):1521–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier P, Mourey-Gerosa I, Benali K, Brauner MW, Leung AN, Lenoir S, Cordeau MP, Mazoyer B. Abnormalities of the airways and lung parenchyma in asthmatics: CT observations in 50 patients and inter- and intraobserver variability. Eur Radiol 1996; 6(2):199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo JL, Martin A, de Lucas P, Rodriguez-Gonzalez-Moro JM, Almonacid C, Paravisini A. Misdiagnosis of patients receiving inhaled therapies in primary care. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010: 5:241–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marklund B, Tunsater A, Bengtsson C. How often is the diagnosis bronchial asthma correct? Fam Pract 1999; 16(2):112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson MJ, Schattner RL, Sulaiman ND, Colle EAD, Aroni R, Thien F. Accuracy of asthma and COPD diagnosis in Australian general practice: a mixed methods study. Prim Care Respir J 2012; 21:167–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar