Quiescent stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and cancer

References

• Aguirre-Ghiso JA (2007). Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy. Nat Rev Cancer. 7: 834–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed MA, Jackson D, Seth R, Robins A, Lobo Dn, Tomlinson Ip, and Ilyas M (2010). CD24 is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease and stimulates cell motility and colony formation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 16: 795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balic M, Lin H, Young L, Hawes D, Giuliano A, Mcnamara G, Datar Rh, and Cote Rj (2006). Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 12: 5615–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao S, Wu Q, Mclendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q, Hjelmeland Ab, Dewhirst Mw, Bigner Dd, and Rich Jn (2006). Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature. 444: 756–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker N, Huch M, Kujala P, Van De Wetering M, Snippert HJ, Van Es JH, Sato T, Stange De, Begthel H, Van Den Born M, Danenberg E, Van Den Brink S, Korving J, Abo A, Peters PJ, Wright N, Poulsom R, and Clevers H (2010). Lgr5(+ ve) stem cells drive self-renewal in the stomach and build long-lived gastric units in vitro. Cell Stem Cell. 6: 25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker N, Ridgway RA, Van Es JH Van De Wetering M, Begthel H, Van Den Born M, Danenberg E, Clarke AR, Sansom Oj, and Clevers H (2009). Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer. Nature. 457: 608–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker N, Van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, Van Den Born M, Cozijnsen M, Haegebarth A, Korving J, Begthel H, Peters PJ, and Clevers H (2007). Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature. 449: 1003–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC And Carding SR (2007). Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet. 369: 1627–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker S, Becker-Pergola G, Wallwiener D, Solomayer EF, and Fehm T (2006). Detection of cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 97: 91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker S, Solomayer E, Becker-Pergola G, Wallwiener D, and Fehm T (2007). Primary systemic therapy does not eradicate disseminated tumor cells in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 106: 239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, and Wajda A (2001). Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Cancer. 91:854–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickenbach JR (1981). Identification and behavior of label-retaining cells in oral mucosa and skin. J Dent Res. 60 Spec No C: 1611–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes M And Cheng H (1981). The stem-cell zone of the small intestinal epithelium. III. Evidence fromcolumnar, enteroendocrine, and mucous cells in the adult mouse. Am J Anat. 160: 77–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, and Kirchner T (2005). Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells - an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 5: 744–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun S, Vogl Fd, Naume B, Janni W, Osborne MP, Coombes RC, Schlimok G, Diel IJ, Gerber B, Gebauer G, Pierga JY, Marth C, Oruzio D, Wiedswang G, Solomayer Ef, Kundt G, Strobl B, Fehm T, Wong Gy, Bliss J, Vincent-Salomon A, and Pantel K (2005). A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 353: 793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breault Dt, Min IM, Carlone DL, Farilla LG, Ambruzs Dm, Henderson De, Algra S, Montgomery RK, Wagers AJ, and Hole N (2008). Generation of mTert-GFP mice as a model to identify and study tissue progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105: 10420–10425.
   Google Scholar
• Brufsky A (2009). Trastuzumab-based therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer: from early scientific development to foundation of care. Am J Clin Oncol. 33: 186–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challen GA and Goodell MA (2008). Promiscuous expression of H2B-GFP transgene in hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One. 3: e2357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H And Leblond Cp (1974). Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. V. Unitarian Theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am J Anat. 141: 537–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper HS, Murthy SN, Shah RS, and Sedergran DJ (1993). Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis. Lab Invest. 69: 238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotsarelis G, Cheng SZ, Dong G, Sun TT, and Lavker Rm (1989). Existence of slow-cycling limbal epithelial basal cells that can be preferentially stimulated to proliferate: implications on epithelial stem cells. Cell. 57: 201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotsarelis G, Sun TT, and Lavker RM (1990). Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis. Cell. 61:1329–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembinski Jl And Krauss S (2009). Characterization and functional analysis of a slow cycling stem cell-like subpopulation in pancreas adenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 26: 611–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehn M, Cho Rw, Lobo Na, Kalisky T, Dorie Mj, Kulp An, Qian D, Lam Js, Ailles Le, Wong M, Joshua B, Kaplan Mj, Wapnir I, Dirbas Fm, Somlo G, Garberoglio C, Paz B, Shen J, Lau Sk, Quake Sr, Brown Jm, Weissman Il, and Clarke Mf (2009). Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells. Nature. 458:780–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaden Ja, Abrams Kr, and Mayberry Jf (2001). The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 48: 526–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores I, Canela A, Vera E, Tejera A, Cotsarelis G, and Blasco Ma (2008). The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments. Genes Dev. 22: 654–67.
   Google Scholar
• Foudi A, Hochedlinger K, Van Buren D, Schindler Jw, Jaenisch R, Carey V, and Hock H (2009). Analysis of histone 2B-GFP retention reveals slowly cycling hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 27: 84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox Dt And Spradling AC (2009). The Drosophila hindgut lacks constitutively active adult stem cells but proliferates in response to tissue damage. Cell Stem Cell. 5: 290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E (2009). The tortoise and the hair: slow-cycling cells in the stem cell race. Cell. 137: 811–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galie M, Konstantinidou G, Peroni D, Scambi I, Marchini C, Lisi V, Krampera M, Magnani P, Merigo F, Montani M, Boschi F, Marzola P, Orru R, Farace P, Sbarbati A, and Amici A (2008). Mesenchymal stem cells share molecular signature with mesenchymal tumor cells and favor early tumor growth in syngeneic mice. Oncogene. 27: 2542–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao MQ, Choi YP, Kang S, Youn JH, and Cho NH (2010). CD24 + cells from hierarchically organized ovarian cancer are enriched in cancer stem cells. Oncogene. 29: 2672–2680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraguchi N, Ishii H, Mimori K, Tanaka F, Ohkuma M, Kim HM, Akita H, Takiuchi D, Hatano H, Nagano H, Barnard GF, Doki Y, and Mori M (2010). CD13 is a therapeutic target in human liver cancer stem cells. J Clin Invest. 120: 3326–3339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herfs M, Hubert P, and Delvenne P (2009). Epithelial metaplasia: adult stem cell reprogramming and (pre)neoplastic transformation mediated by inflammation? Trends Mol Med. 15: 245–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan Pk, Melnicoff Mj, Jensen Bd, and Slezak Se (1990). Fluorescent cell labeling for in vivo and in vitro cell tracking. Methods Cell Biol. 33: 469–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu YC, Pasolli HA, and Fuchs E (2011). Dynamics between Stem Cells, Niche, and Progeny in the Hair Follicle. Cell. 144: 92–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husemann Y, Geigl JB, Schubert F, Musiani P, Meyer M, Burghart E, Forni G, Eils R, Fehm T, Riethmuller G, and Klein CA (2008). Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 13: 58–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai T, Fukuta K, Hasumura M, Cho YM, Ota Y, Takami S, Nakagama H, and Hirose M (2007). Significance of inflammation-associated regenerative mucosa characterized by Paneth cell metaplasia and beta-catenin accumulation for the onset of colorectal carcinogenesis in rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Carcinogenesis. 28: 2199–2206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa F, Yoshida S, Saito Y, Hijikata A, Kitamura H, Tanaka S, Nakamura R, Tanaka T, Tomiyama H, Saito N, Fukata M, Miyamoto T, Lyons B, Ohshima K, Uchida N, Taniguchi S, Ohara O, Akashi K, Harada M, and Shultz LD (2007). Chemotherapy-resistant human AML stem cells home to and engraft within the bone-marrow endosteal region. Nat Biotechnol. 25: 1315–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzkowitz SH and Yio X (2004). Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: the role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 287: G7–G17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaks V, Barker N, Kasper M, Van EE JH, Snippert HJ, Clevers H, and Toftgard R (2008). Lgr5 marks cycling, yet long-lived, hair follicle stem cells. Nat Genet. 40: 1291–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen T, Mickley LA, Ried T, Green ED, Du Manoir S, Schrock E, Macville M, Ning Y, Robey R, Polymeropoulos M, Torres R, and Fojo T (1998). Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of random chromosomal rearrangements activating the drug resistance gene, MDR1/P-glycoprotein, in drug-selected cell lines and patients with drug refractory ALL. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 23: 44–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusumbe AP and Bapat SA (2009). Cancer stem cells and aneuploid populations within developing tumors are the major determinants of tumor dormancy. Cancer Res. 69: 9245–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Garcia C, Klein AM, Simons BD, and Winton DJ (2010). Intestinal stem cell replacement follows a pattern of neutral drift. Science. 330: 822–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyle S, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Liu Y, Elder DE, Albelda S, and Cotsarelis G (1998). The C8/144B monoclonal antibody recognizes cytokeratin 15 and defines the location of human hair follicle stem cells. J Cell Sci. 111 (Pt 21): 3179–3188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyle S, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Liu Y, Elder DE, Albelda S, and Cotsarelis G (1999). Human hair follicle bulge cells are biochemically distinct and possess an epithelial stem cell phenotype. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 4: 296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou Ay, Brooks M, Reinhard F, Zhang CC, Shipitsin M, Campbell LI, Polyak K, Brisken C, Yang J, and Weinberg RA (2008). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 133: 704–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May R, Riehl TE, Hunt C, Sureban SM, Anant S, and Houchen CW (2008) Identification of a novel putative gastrointestinal stem cell and adenoma stem cell marker, doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1, following radiation injury and in adenomatous polyposis coli/multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Stem Cells, 26:630–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May R, Sureban SM, Hoang N, Riehl Te, Lightfoot SA, Ramanujam R, Wyche JH, Anant S, and Houchen CW (2009). Dcamkl-1 and LGR5 Mark Quiescent and Cycling Intestinal Stem Cells Respectively. Stem Cells, 10: 2571–2579.
   Google Scholar
• Meira LB, Bugni JM, Green Sl, Lee CW, Pang B, Borenshtein D, Rickman BH, Rogers AB, Moroski-Erkul CA, Mcfaline Jl, Schauer DB, Dedon PC, Fox JG, and Samson LD (2008) DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest. 118: 2516–2525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micchelli CA And Perrimon N (2006). Evidence that stem cells reside in the adult Drosophila midgut epithelium. Nature. 439: 475–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickley La, Spengler BA, Knutsen Ta, Biedler JI, and Fojo T (1997). Gene rearrangement: a novel mechanism for MDR-1 gene activation. J Clin Invest. 99: 1947–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery RK, Carlone DI, Richmond CA, Farilla L, Kranendonk Me, Henderson DE, Baffour-Awuah NY, Ambruzs DM, Fogli Lk, Algra S, and Breault Dt (2011). Mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) expression marks slowly cycling intestinal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108: 179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morshead Cm, Reynolds BA, Craig CG, Mcburney MW, Staines Wa, Morassutti D, Weiss S, And Van Der Kooy D (1994). Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neuron. 13: 1071–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller V, Alix-Panabieres C, and Pantel K (2010). Insights into minimal residual disease in cancer patients: implications for anti-cancer therapies. Eur J Cancer. 46: 1189–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumov Gn, Townson JI, Macdonald IC, Wilson Sm, Bramwell Vh, Groom Ac, and Chambers Af (2003). Ineffectiveness of doxorubicin treatment on solitary dormant mammary carcinoma cells or late-developing metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 82: 199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura S, Wakabayashi N, Toyoda K, Kashima K, and Mitsufuji S (2003). Expression of Musashi-1 in human normal colon crypt cells: a possible stem cell marker of human colon epithelium. Dig Dis Sci. 48: 1523–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlstein B and Spradling A (2006). The adult Drosophila posterior midgut is maintained by pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 439: 470–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantel K and Brakenhoff RH (2004). Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat Rev Cancer. 4: 448–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH, and Brandt B (2008). Detection, clinical relevance and specific biological properties of disseminating tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 8: 329–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson JC and Watson SH (1961). Paneth cell metaplasia in ulcerative colitis. Am J Pathol. 38: 243–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pece S, Tosoni D, Confalonieri S, Mazzarol G, Vecchi M, Ronzoni S, Bernard L, Viale G, Pelicci PG, and Di Fiore PP (2010). Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content. Cell. 140: 62–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter EM, Bevins CI, Ghosh D, and Ganz T (2002). The multifaceted Paneth cell. Cell Mol Life Sci. 59: 156–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potten CS (1998). Stem cells in gastrointestinal epithelium: numbers, characteristics and death. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 353: 821–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potten CS, Booth C, Tudor GI, Booth D, Brady G, Hurley P, Ashton G, Clarke R, Sakakibara S-I, and Okano H (2003). Identification of a putative intestinal stem cell and early lineage marker; musashi-1. Differentiation. 71: 28–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potten CS, Owen G, and Booth D (2002). Intestinal stem cells protect their genome by selective segregation of template DNA strands. J Cell Sci. 115: 2381–2388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao XT, Ziel JW, Mckimpson W, Madison BB, Todisco A, Merchant JL, Samuelson LC, and Gumucio DL (2007). Prospective identification of a multilineage progenitor in murine stomach epithelium. Gastroenterology. 133: 1989–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, and Morrison SJ (2008). Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. Nature. 456: 593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid BJ, Li X, Galipeau PC, and Vaughan TL (2010). Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 10: 87–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, and Weissman IL (2001). Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 414: 105–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesch A, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Schmidt EC, Zabierowski SE, Brafford PA, Vultur A, Basu D, Gimotty P, Vogt T, and Herlyn M (2010). A temporarily distinct subpopulation of slow-cycling melanoma cells is required for continuous tumor growth. Cell. 141: 583–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth S, Franken P, Van Veelen W, Blonden L, Raghoebir L, Beverloo B, Van Drunen E, Kuipers EJ, Rottier R, Fodde R, and Smits R (2009). Generation of a tightly regulated doxycycline-inducible model for studying mouse intestinal biology. Genesis. 47: 7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth S, Franken PF, Sacchetti A, and Fodde R (2011). Identification of quiescent and multipotent intestinal Paneth-like cells that are activated in response to tissue injury. submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Uchida N, Tanaka S, Suzuki N, Tomizawa-Murasawa M, Sone A, Najima Y, Takagi S, Aoki Y, Wake A, Taniguchi S, Shultz LD, and Ishikawa F (2010). Induction of cell cycle entry eliminates human leukemia stem cells in a mouse model of AML. Nat Biotechnol. 28: 275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangiorgi E and Capecchi MR (2008). Bmi1 is expressed in vivo in intestinal stem cells. Nat Genet. 40: 915–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saphner T, Tormey DC, and Gray R (1996). Annual hazard rates of recurrence for breast cancer after primary therapy. J Clin Oncol. 14: 2738–2746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent DJ, Patiyil S, Yothers G, Haller DG, Gray R, Benedetti J, Buyse M, Labianca R, Seitz JF, O’callaghan CJ, Francini G, Grothey A, O’connell M, Catalano PJ, Kerr D, Green E, Wieand HS, Goldberg RM, and De Gramont A (2007). End points for colon cancer adjuvant trials: observations and recommendations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients enrolled onto 18 randomized trials from the ACCENT Group. J Clin Oncol. 25: 4569–4574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Van Es JH, Snippert HJ, Stange DE, Vries RG, Van Den Born M, Barker N, Shroyer NF, Van De Wetering M, and Clevers H (2011). Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts. Nature. 469: 415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, Van De Wetering M, Barker N, Stange De, Van Es JH, Abo A, Kujala P, Peters PJ, and Clevers H (2009). Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature. 459: 262–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML, Wu L, Lindeman GJ, and Visvader JE (2006). Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature. 439: 84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack JM (2009). Metaplasia and somatic cell reprogramming. J Pathol. 217: 161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snippert HJ, Van Der Flier LG, Sato T, Van Es JH, Van Den Born M, Kroon-Veenboer C, Barker N, Klein AM, Van Rheenen J, Simons BD, and Clevers H (2010). Intestinal crypt homeostasis results from neutral competition between symmetrically dividing Lgr5 stem cells. Cell. 143: 134–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommers SC (1966). Mast cells and paneth cells in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 51: 841–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spotl L, Sarti A, Dierich MP, and Most J (1995). Cell membrane labeling with fluorescent dyes for the demonstration of cytokine-induced fusion between monocytes and tumor cells. Cytometry. 21: 160–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinert R, Vieth M, Hantschick M, and Reymond MA (2005). Epithelial cells disseminate into the bone marrow of colorectal adenoma patients. Gut. 54: 1045–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashima S, Mkrtchyan M, Younossi-Hartenstein A, Merriam JR, and Hartenstein V (2008). The behaviour of Drosophila adult hindgut stem cells is controlled by Wnt and Hh signalling. Nature. 454: 651–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Kohno H, Suzuki R, Hata K, Sugie S, Niho N, Sakano K, Takahashi M, and Wakabayashi K (2006). Dextran sodium sulfate strongly promotes colorectal carcinogenesis in Apc(Min/ +) mice: inflammatory stimuli by dextran sodium sulfate results in development of multiple colonic neoplasms. Int J Cancer. 118: 25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng C, Guo Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Ding M, and Deng H (2007). Identification and characterization of label-retaining cells in mouse pancreas. Differentiation. 75: 702–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujimura A, Koikawa Y, Salm S, Takao T, Coetzee S, Moscatelli D, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Sun TT, and Wilson EL (2002). Proximal location of mouse prostate epithelial stem cells: a model of prostatic homeostasis. J Cell Biol. 157: 1257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumbar T, Guasch G, Greco V, Blanpain C, Lowry WE, Rendl M, and Fuchs E (2004). Defining the epithelial stem cell niche in skin. Science. 303: 359–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Flier LG, Van Gijn ME, Hatzis P, Kujala P, Haegebarth A, Stange DE, Begthel H, Van Den Born M, Guryev V, Oving I, Van Es JH, Barker N, Peters PJ, Van De Wetering M, and Clevers H (2009). Transcription factor achaete scute-like 2 controls intestinal stem cell fate. Cell. 136: 903–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada R (2009). Proposal of a new hypothesis on the development of colorectal epithelial neoplasia: nonspecific inflammation–colorectal Paneth cell metaplasia—colorectal epithelial neoplasia. Digestion. 79: Suppl 1, 9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada R, Yamaguchi T, and Tadokoro K (2005). Colonic Paneth cell metaplasia is pre-neoplastic condition of colonic cancer or not? J Carcinog. 4: 5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss L and Ward PM (1990). Contributions of vascularized lymph-node metastases to hematogenous metastasis in a rat mammary carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 46: 452–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welm BE, Tepera SB, Venezia T, Graubert TA, Rosen JM, and Goodell MA (2002). Sca-1(pos) cells in the mouse mammary gland represent an enriched progenitor cell population. Dev Biol. 245: 42–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westbrook AM, Szakmary A, and Schiestl RH (2010). Mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and development of associated cancers: lessons learned from mouse models. Mutat Res. 705: 40–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson A, Laurenti E, Oser G, Van Der Wath RC, Blanco-Bose W, Jaworski M, Offner S, Dunant CF, Eshkind L, Bockamp E, Lio P, Macdonald HR, and TRUMPP A (2008). Hematopoietic stem cells reversibly switch from dormancy to self-renewal during homeostasis and repair. Cell. 135: 1118–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie T (2009). Stem cell in the adult Drosophila hindgut: just a sleeping beauty. Cell Stem Cell. 5: 227–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YUASA Y (2003). Control of gut differentiation and intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 3: 592–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Gibson P, Currle DS, Tong Y, Richardson RJ, Bayazitov IT, Poppleton H, Zakharenko S, Ellison DW, and Gilbertson RJ (2009). Prominin 1 marks intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation. Nature. 457: 603–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar