Immunomodulation and lymphoma in humans

References

• Abasolo, L., Judez, E., Descalzo, M. A., et al. 2008. Cancer in rheumatoid arthritis: occurrence, mortality, and associated factors in a South European population. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 37:388–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljurf, M. D., Owaidah, T. W., Ezzat, A., et al. 2003. Antigen- and/or immune-driven lymphoproliferative disorders. Ann. Oncol. 14:1595–1606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson, L. A., Gadalla, S., Morton, L. M., et al. 2009. Population-based study of autoimmune conditions and the risk of specific lymphoid malignancies. Int. J. Cancer 125:398–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arason, G. J., Jorgensen, G. H., and Ludviksson, B. R. 2010. Primary immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: Lessons from human diseases. Scand. J. Immunol. 71:317–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguello, R. J., Balbaryski, J., Barboni, G., et al. 2012. Altered frequency and phenotype of CD4+ forkhead box protein 3+ T-cells and its association with autoantibody production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected paediatric patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 168:224–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arkwright, P. D., Abinun, M., and Cant, A. J. 2002. Autoimmunity in human primary immuno-deficiency diseases. Blood 99:2694–2702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askling, J., Baecklund, E., Granath, F., et al. 2009. Anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and risk of malignant lymphomas: Relative risks and time trends in the Swedish Biologics Register. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68:648–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askling, J., Fored, C. M., Baecklund, E., et al. 2005. Hematopoietic malignancies in rheumatoid arthritis: Lymphoma risk and characteristics after exposure to TNF antagonists. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64:1414–1420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecklund, E., Askling, J., Rosenquist, R., et al. 2004. Rheumatoid arthritis and malignant lymphomas. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 16:254–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecklund, E., Backlin, C., Iliadou, A., et al. 2006a. Characteristics of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54:3774–3781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecklund, E., Iliadou, A., Askling, J., et al. 2006b. Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54:692–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecklund, E., Sundstrom, C., Ekbom, A., et al. 2003. Lymphoma subtypes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Increased proportion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Arthritis Rheum. 48:1543–1550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balandraud, N., Roudier, J., and Roudier, C. 2005. What are the links between Epstein-Barr virus, lymphoma, and TNF antagonism in rheumatoid arthritis? Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 34:31–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basso, K., and Dalla-Favera, R. 2010. BCL6: Master regulator of the germinal center reaction and key oncogene in B-cell lymphomagenesis. Adv. Immunol. 105:193–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernatsky, S., Boivin, J. F., Joseph, L., et al. 2005. An international cohort study of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 52:1481–1490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biron, C. A., and Brossay, L. 2001. NK cells and NKT cells in innate defense against viral infections. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13:458–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongartz, T., Sutton, A. J., Sweeting, M. J., et al. 2006. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 295:2275–2285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boshoff, C., and Weiss, R. 2002. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:373–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. L., Greene, M. H., Gershon, S. K., et al. 2002. TNF antagonist therapy and lymphoma development: 26 cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum. 46:3151–3158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, R. G., Wilson, J. B., Anderson, S. J., and Longnecker, R. 1998. Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A drives B-cell development and survival in the absence of normal B-cell receptor signals. Immunity 9:405–411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capello, D., Cerri, M., Muti, G., et al. 2003. Molecular histogenesis of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 102:3775–3785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (Centers for Disease Control and prevention). 2011. Diseases and conditions. US Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/DiseasesConditions/
   Google Scholar
• Chan, T. D., and Brink, R. 2012. Affinity-based selection and the germinal center response. Immunol. Rev. 247:11–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaturvedi, A. K., Mbulaiteye, S. M., and Engels, E. A. 2008. Underestimation of relative risks by standardized incidence ratios for AIDS-related cancers. Ann. Epidemiol. 18:230–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cibere, J., Sibley, J., and Haga, M. 1997. Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum. 40:1580–1586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibere, J., Sibley, J., and Haga, M. 2001. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of malignancy. Lupus 10:394–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colotta, F., Allavena, P., Sica, A., et al. 2009. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: Links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 30:1073–1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussens, L. M., and Werb, Z. 2002. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham-Rundles, C., Cooper, D. L., Duffy, T. P., and Strauchen, J. 2002. Lymphomas of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue in common variable immunodeficiency. Am. J. Hematol. 69:171–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham-Rundles, C., Siegal, F. P., Cunningham-Rundles, S., and Lieberman, P. 1987. Incidence of cancer in 98 patients with common varied immunodeficiency. J. Clin. Immunol. 7:294–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, T. M., Starkebaum, G., Wood, B. L., et al. 2001. Epstein-Barr virus, methotrexate, and lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjogren's syndrome: Case series. J. Rheumatol. 28:47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Visser, K. E., Korets, L. V., and Coussens, L. M. 2005. De novo carcinogenesis promoted by chronic inflammation is B-lymphocyte-dependent. Cancer Cell 7:411–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, G. P., Bruce, A. T., Ikeda, H., et al. 2002. Cancer immuno-editing: From immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat. Immunol. 3:991–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrom, K., Hjalgrim, H., Brandt, L., et al. 2003. Risk of malignant lymphomas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in their first-degree relatives. Arthritis Rheum. 48:963–970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, E. A., Biggar, R. J., Hall, H. I., et al. 2008. Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Int. J. Cancer 123:187–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, E. A., Cerhan, J. R., Linet, M. S., et al. 2005. Immune-related conditions and immune-modulating medications as risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162:1153–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, E. A., Pfeiffer, R. M., Goedert, J. J., et al. 2006. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980–2002. AIDS 20:1645–1654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federico, A., Morgillo, F., Tuccillo, C., et al. 2007. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 121:2381–2386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipovich, A. H., Mathur, A., Kamat, D., and Shapiro, R. S. 1992. Primary immunodeficiencies: Genetic risk factors for lymphoma. Cancer Res. 52:5465s–5467s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipovich, A. H., Mathur, A., Kamat, D., et al. 1994. Lymphoproliferative disorders and other tumors complicating immunodeficiencies. Immunodeficiency 5:91–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franklin, J., Lunt, M., Bunn, D., et al. 2006. Incidence of lymphoma in a large primary care derived cohort of cases of inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 65:617–622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieder, D., Larijani, M., Tang, E., et al. 2006. Antibody diversification: Mutational mechanisms and oncogenesis. Immunol. Res. 35:75–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frizzera, G., Rosai, J., Dehner, L. P., et al. 1980. Lymphoreticular disorders in primary immunodeficiencies: New findings based on an up-to-date histologic classification of 35 cases. Cancer 46:692–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geborek, P., Bladstrom, A., Turesson, C., et al. 2005. TNF blockers do not increase overall tumor risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with increased risk of lymphomas. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64:699–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompels, M. M., Hodges, E., Lock, R. J., et al. 2003. Lymphoproliferative disease in antibody deficiency: A multi-centre study. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 134:314–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. S., Kanegai, C. M., Doerr, J. R., and Wall, R. 2003. Somatic hypermutation of the B-cell receptor genes B29 (Igβ, CD79b) and mb1 (Igα, CD79a). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:4126–4131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, S., Rooney, C. M., and Heslop, H. E. 2005. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Annu. Rev. Med. 56:29–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gridley, G., McLaughlin, J. K., Ekbom, A., et al. 1993. Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:307–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grulich, A. E., van Leeuwen, M. T., Falster, M. O., and Vajdic, C. M. 2007. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: A meta-analysis. Lancet 370:59–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidotti, L. G., and Chisari, F. V. 2001. Non-cytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19:65–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guikema, J. E., Linehan, E. K., Tsuchimoto, D., et al. 2007. APE1- and APE2-dependent DNA breaks in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. J. Exp. Med. 204:3017–2306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hakulinen, T., Isomaki, H., and Knekt, P. 1985. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer studies based on linking nationwide registries in Finland. Am J Med 78:29–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hislop, A. D., Taylor, G. S., Sauce, D., and Rickinson, A. B. 2007. Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: Lessons from Epstein-Barr virus. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25:587–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, D., Jiang, Q., Zhang, L., and Su, L. 2008. Foxp3 and Treg cells in HIV-1 infection and immunopathogenesis. Immunol. Res. 41:248–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, P., and Crawford, D. H. 2000. The role of EBV in post-transplant malignancies: A review. J. Clin. Pathol. 53:248–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshida, Y., Xu, J. X., Fujita, S., et al. 2007. Lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: Clinicopathological analysis of 76 cases in relation to methotrexate medication. J. Rheumatol. 34:322–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlader, N., Noone, A., Krapcho, M., et al. 2011. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2008. Bethesda, MD: N. C. Institute. Available online at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2008/ </csr/1975_2008/>. based on November 2010 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 15, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Imai, K., Slupphaug, G., Lee, W. I., et al. 2003. Human uracil-DNA glycosylase deficiency associated with profoundly impaired immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Nat. Immunol. 4:1023–1028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ioachim, H. L. 1990. The opportunistic tumors of immune deficiency. Adv. Cancer Res. 54:301–317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser, R. 2008. Incidence of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma 8:87–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamel, O. W., Holly, E. A., van de Rijn, M., et al. 1999. A population based, case control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 26:1676–1680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasiske, B. L., Snyder, J. J., Gilbertson, D. T., and Wang, C. 2004. Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am. J. Transplant. 4:905–913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppi, M., Pukkala, E., and Isomaki, H. 1997. Elevated incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 8:201–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersey, J. H., Spector, B. D., and Good, R. A. 1973. Primary immunodeficiency diseases and cancer: The immunodeficiency-cancer registry. Int. J. Cancer 12:333–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone, E. C. 2011. Does anti-TNFα therapy affect risk of serious infection and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?: A review of long-term data. J. Rheumatol. 38:1552–1562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilger, E., Kieser, A., Baumann, M., and Hammerschmidt, W. 1998. Epstein-Barr virus-mediated B-cell proliferation is dependent upon latent membrane protein 1, which simulates an activated CD40 receptor. EMBO J. 17:1700–1709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinlen, L. J., Webster, A. D., Bird, A. G., et al. 1985. Prospective study of cancer in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lancet 1:263–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, U., and Dalla-Favera, R. 2008. Germinal centres: Role in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8:22–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppers, R. 2003. B cells under influence: Transformation of B-cells by Epstein-Barr virus. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:801–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppers, R. 2005. Mechanisms of B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5:251–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppers, R., and Dalla-Favera, R. 2001. Mechanisms of chromosomal translocations in B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 20:5580–5594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M., Duke, J. L., Richter, D. J., et al. 2008. Two levels of protection for the B-cell genome during somatic hyper-mutation. Nature 451:841–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca, J., Lopez-Diaz, M. J., Gonzalez-Juanatey, C., et al. 2007. Persistent chronic inflammation contributes to the development of cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from a defined population of northwestern Spain. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 37:31–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Olivo, M. A., Tayar, J. H., Martinez-Lopez, J. A., et al. 2012. Risk of malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologic therapy: A meta-analysis. JAMA 308:898–908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louthrenoo, W. 2008. Rheumatic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 20:92–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macsween, K. F., and Crawford, D. H. 2003. Epstein-Barr virus-recent advances. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3:131–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmgaard, L. 2004. Induction and regulation of IFNs during viral infections. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 24:439–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Sica, A., and Balkwill, F. 2008. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454:436–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariette, X., Cazals-Hatem, D., Warszawki, J., et al. 2002. Lymphomas in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate: A 3-year prospective study in France. Blood 99:3909–3915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marodi, L., and Notarangelo, L. D. 2007. Immunological and genetic bases of new primary immunodeficiencies. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7:85–861
   Google Scholar
• Mellemkjaer, L., Andersen, V., Linet, M. S., et al. 1997. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers among a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 40:761–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellemkjaer, L., Hammarstrom, L., Andersen, V., et al. 2002. Cancer risk among patients with IgA deficiency or common variable immunodeficiency and their relatives: A combined Danish and Swedish study. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 130:495–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellemkjaer, L., Linet, M. S., Gridley, G., et al. 1996. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur. J. Cancer 32A:1753–1757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellman, I., Coukos, G., and Dranoff, G. 2011. Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature 480:480–489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir, S., and Fauci, A. S. 2008. Pathogenic mechanisms of B-lymphocyte dysfunction in HIV disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122:12–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, D., Cromartie, E., and Swift, M. 1986. Mortality and cancer incidence in 263 patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77:89–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller, B. U., and Pizzo, P. A. 1995. Cancer in children with primary or secondary immuno-deficiencies. J. Pediatr. 126:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muschen, M., Re, D., Jungnickel, B., et al. 2000. Somatic mutation of the CD95 gene in human B-cells as a side-effect of the germinal center reaction. J. Exp. Med. 192:1833–1840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, N., and Klein, E. 2010. Deficiency of the proapoptotic SAP function in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease aggravates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced mononucleosis and promotes lymphoma development. Immunol. Lett. 130:13–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nived, O., Bengtsson, A., Jonsen, A., et al. 2001. Malignancies during follow-up in an epidemiologically defined systemic lupus erythematosus inception cohort in southern Sweden. Lupus 10:500–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notarangelo, L. D., Fischer, A., Geha, R. S., et al. 2009. Primary immunodeficiencies: 2009 update. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124:1161–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, J. H., Hahnemann, J. M., Borresen-Dale, A. L., et al. 2001. Cancer in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and in their relatives in the nordic countries. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:121–127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parikh-Patel, A., White, R. H., Allen, M., and Cress, R. 2008. Cancer risk in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in California. Cancer Causes Control 19:887–894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasqualucci, L., Migliazza, A., Fracchiolla, N., et al. 1998. BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B-cells: Evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11816–11821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasqualucci, L., Neumeister, P., Goossens, T., et al. 2001. Hypermutation of multiple proto-oncogenes in B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphomas. Nature 412:341–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peled, J. U., Kuang, F. L., Iglesias-Ussel, M. D., et al. 2008. The biochemistry of somatic hypermutation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26:481–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, I. 1999. Post-transplant malignancies. Transplant. Proc. 31:1260–1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, I. 2000. Post-transplant malignancy: Role of immunosuppression. Drug Safety 23:101–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, G. S. 3rd, Spector, B. D., Schuman, L. M., et al. 1980. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in the United States and Canada (1892–1979). J. Pediatr. 97:72–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, T., Pukkala, E., Teppo, L., and Friman, C. 1992. Increased risk of cancer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51:437–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, P., Bransteitter, R., Petruska, J., and Goodman, M. F. 2003. Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation. Nature 424:103–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan, R. T., and Dalla-Favera, R. 2004. The BCL6 proto-oncogene suppresses p53 expression in germinal-centre B-cells. Nature 432:635–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan, R. T., Saito, M., Basso, K., et al. 2005. BCL6 interacts with the transcription factor Miz-1 to suppress the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and cell cycle arrest in germinal center B-cells. Nat. Immunol. 6:1054–1060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poltoratsky, V., Prasad, R., Horton, J. K., and Wilson, S. H. 2007. Down-regulation of DNA polymerase beta accompanies somatic hypermutation in human BL2 cell lines. DNA Repair (Amst.) 6:244–253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purtilo, D. T., Cassel, C. K., Yang, J. P., and Harper, R. 1975. X-linked recessive progressive combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan's disease). Lancet 1:935–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purtilo, D. T., Sakamoto, K., Saemundsen, A. K., et al. 1981. Documentation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in immunodeficient patients with life-threatening lymphoproliferative diseases by clinical, virological, and immunopathological studies. Cancer Res. 41:4226–4236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabkin, C. S. 2001. AIDS and cancer in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Eur. J.Cancer 37:1316–1319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada, C., Williams, G. T., Nilsen, H., et al. 2002. Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice. Curr. Biol. 12:1748–1755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey-Goldman, R., Mattai, S. A., Schilling, E., et al. 1998. Increased risk of malignancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Med. 46:217–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranuncolo, S. M., Polo, J. M., Dierov, J., et al. 2007. Bcl-6 mediates the germinal center B-cell phenotype and lymphomagenesis through transcriptional repression of the DNA-damage sensor ATR. Nat. Immunol. 8:705–714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sachdeva, M., Fischl, M. A., Pahwa, R., et al. 2010. Immune exhaustion occurs concomitantly with immune activation and decrease in regulatory T-cells in viremic chronically HIV-1-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 54:447–454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salavoura, K., Kolialexi, A., Tsangaris, G., and Mavrou, A. 2008. Development of cancer in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Anticancer Res. 28:1263–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabet, M. 1999. Epidemiology of primary CNS lymphoma. J. Neurooncol. 43:199–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader, C. E., Linehan, E. K., Mochegova, S. N., et al. 2005. Inducible DNA breaks in Ig S regions are dependent on AID and UNG. J. Exp. Med. 202:561–568
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuetz, C., Niehues, T., Friedrich, W., and Schwarz, K. 2010. Autoimmunity, autoinflammation and lymphoma in combined immunodeficiency (CID). Autoimmun. Rev. 9:477–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Setoguchi, S., Solomon, D. H., Weinblatt, M. E., et al. 2006. TNFα antagonist use and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54:2757–2764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, A. L., Rosenwald, A., and Staudt, L. M. 2002. Lymphoid malignancies: The dark side of B-cell differentiation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:920–932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, H. M., Peters, A., Baron, B., et al. 1998. Mutation of BCL-6 gene in normal B-cells by the process of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes. Science 280:1750–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlomchik, M. J., and Weisel, F. 2012. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells. Immunol. Rev. 247:52–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedby, K. E., Hjalgrim, H., Askling, J., et al. 2006. Auto-immune and chronic inflammatory disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by subtype. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98:51–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smitten, A. L., Simon, T. A., Hochberg, M. C., and Suissa, S. 2008. A meta-analysis of the incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 10:R45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni, V., Cahir-McFarland, E., and Kieff, E. 2007. LMP1 TRAFficking activates growth and survival pathways. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 597:173–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staal, S. P., Ambinder, R., Beschorner, W. E., et al. 1989. A survey of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in lymphoid tissue. Frequent detection in Hodgkin's disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 91:1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavnezer, J., Guikema, J. E., and Schrader, C. E. 2008. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26:261–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, F., Sahota, S., Zhu, D., et al. 1998. Insight into the origin and clonal history of B-cell tumors as revealed by analysis of immunoglobulin variable region genes. Immunol. Rev. 162:247–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez, F., Lortholary, O., Hermine, O., and Lecuit, M. 2006. Infection-associated lymphomas derived from marginal zone B-cells: A model of antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. Blood 107:3034–3044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow, A. J. 2003. Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30:S3–12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, E., Brewster, D. H., Black, R. J., and Macfarlane, G. J. 2000. Risk of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. Int. J. Cancer 88:497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorley-Lawson, D. A. 2001. Epstein-Barr virus: Exploiting the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1:75–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorley-Lawson, D. A., and Gross, A. 2004. Persistence of the Epstein-Barr virus and the origins of associated lymphomas. New Engl. J. Med. 350:1328–1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2003. Arthritis Drugs Advisory Committee: Safety update on TNFα antagonists. Washington, DC: Arthritis Drugs Advisory Committee. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3930b1.htm
   Google Scholar
• Vajdic, C. M., Mao, L., van Leeuwen, M. T., et al. 2010. Are antibody deficiency disorders associated with a narrower range of cancers than other forms of immunodeficiency? Blood 116:1228–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesely, M. D., Kershaw, M. H., Schreiber, R. D., and Smyth, M. J. 2011. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 29:235–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, U. A., Tyndall, A., and Daikeler, T. 2008. Rheumatic conditions in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:952–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilczynski, J. R., and Duechler, M. 2010. How do tumors actively escape from host immunosurveillance? Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.) 58:435–448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolfe, F., and Michaud, K. 2004. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: The effect of methotrexate and anti-TNF therapy in 18 572 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 50:1740–1751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, F., and Michaud, K. 2007. The effect of methotrexate and anti-TNF therapy on the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis in 19 562 patients during 89 710 person-years of observation. Arthritis Rheum. 56:1433–1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Fulop, Z., Zhong, Y., et al. 2005. DNA lesions and repair in immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1050:146–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, L. S., and Murray, P. G. 2003. Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenesis: From latent genes to tumours. Oncogene 22:5108–5121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, L. S., and Rickinson, A. B. 2004. Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4:757–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zintzaras, E., Voulgarelis, M., and Moutsopoulos, H. M. 2005. The risk of lymphoma development in autoimmune diseases: A meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 165:2337–2344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar