Dimethylformamide metabolism following self-harm using a veterinary euthanasia product

References

• Nomiyama T, Haufroid V, Buchet JP, Miyauchi H, Tanaka S, Yamauchi T, Imamiya S, Seki Y, Omae K, Lison D. Insertion polymorphism of CYP2E1 and urinary N-methylformamide after N,N-dimethylformamide exposure in Japanese workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001; 74(7):519–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbriani M, Negri S, Ghittori S, Maestri L. Measurement of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine by high-performance liquid chromatography with direct ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778(1–2):231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Hantson P, Semaan C, Jouret JC, Rahier J, Lauwerys R, Brunain JP, Mahieu P. Intracardiac injection of T-61, a veterinary euthanasia drug. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34(2):235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas F, Rodineau P, Rouzioux JM, Tack I, Chabac S, Meram D. Fulminant hepatic failure in poisoning due to ingestion of T61, a veterinary euthanasia drug. Crit Care Med 1990; 18(5):573–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisani F, Tame MR, Bernardi M, Tovoli C, Gasbarrini A, Panarelli M, Gasbarrini G. Severe hepatic failure occurring with T61 ingestion in an attempted suicide. Early recovery with the use of intravenous infusion of reduced glutathione. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38(4):752–756.
   Google Scholar
• Fabre M, Bruel F, Cabot C, Navarro P, Fanjaud G, Burgat-Sacaze V, Virenque C. Une intoxication volontaire grave par ingestion de 75 mL de T-61 euthanasiant veterinaire (abstract). XXXIème Congrès de la société de Toxicologie Clinique; Nancy, France; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Juguet F, Moirand R, Caubet A, Guyader D, Brissot P, Curtes JP. Hépatite aigue après ingestion de T-61, traitée précocement par N-Acetyl Cystéine (abstract). XXXIème Congrès de la société de Toxicologie Clinique; Nancy, France; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Buylaert W, Calle P, De Paepe P, Verstraete A, Samyn N, Vogelaers D, Vandenbulcke M, Belpaire F. Hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in acute poisoning with the veterinary euthanasia drug T-61. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15(8):607–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada M, Abe M, Tokumoto Y, Miyake T, Murikami H, Hiasa Y, Matsuura B, Sati K, Onji M. Occupational liver injury due to N,N-Dimethylformamide in the synthetics industry. Intern Med 2009; 48:1647–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mraz J, Turecek F. Identification of N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cysteine, a human metabolite of N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methylformamide. J Chromatogr 1987; 414(2):399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mraz J, Cross H, Gescher A, Threadgill MD, Flek J. Differences between rodents and humans in the metabolic toxification of N,N-dimethylformamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 98(3):507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafferlein HU, Angerer J. N-methylcarbamoylated valine of hemoglobin in humans after exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide: evidence for the formation of methyl isocyanate?. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14(7):833–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haufroid V, Lison D. Mercapturic acids revisited as biomarkers of exposure to reactive chemicals in occupational toxicology: a minireview. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 78(5):343–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TH, Kim YW, Shin SM, Kim CW, Yu IJ, Kim SG. Synergistic hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide with carbon tetrachloride in association with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184(3):492–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mraz J, Nohova H. Absorption, metabolism and elimination of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 64(2):85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwerys R, Hoet P. Industrial Chemical Exposure; Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers; 2001:459–466.
   Google Scholar
• Lu ZQ, Qiu QM, Miao XJ, Hu GX. Experimental study on detoxication effect of sulfhydryl compounds in acute poisoning of dimethylformamide. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2007; 19(4):233–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson PG, Gescher A, Harpur ES. Hepatotoxicity of N-methylformamide in mice. I. Relationship to glutathione status. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36(3):381–384.
   Google Scholar
• Mraz J, Jheeta P, Gescher A, Hyland R, Thummel K, Threadgill MD. Investigation of the mechanistic basis of N,N-dimethylformamide toxicity. Metabolism of N,N-dimethylformamide and its deuterated isotopomers by cytochrome P450 2E1. Chem Res Toxicol 1993; 6(2):197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrbitzky R. Liver function in workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide during the production of synthetic textiles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1999; 72(1):19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar