Diphenhydramine dose–response: a novel approach to determine triage thresholds

References

• Wickersham RM, Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, Missouri: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Giffin SL. 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47(10):911–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones J, Dougherty J, Cannon L. Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4:369–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel C, Ibe K, Tenczer J. Clinical symptomatology of diphenhydramine overdose; an evaluation of 1366 cases in 1982–1985. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1990; 28:249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenzelok EP. Massive diphenhydramine overdose resulting in death. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 4:212–213.
   Google Scholar
• Clark RF, Vance MV. Massive diphenhydramine poisoning resulting in a wide-complex tachycardia: successful treatment with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:318–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharman EJ, Erdman AR, Wax PM, Chyka PA, Caravati EM, Nelson LS, Manoguerra AS, Christianson G, Olson KR, Woolf AD, Keyes DC, Booze LL, Troutman WG. Diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44:205–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radovanovic D, Meier PJ, Guirguis M, Lorent J-P, Kupferschmidt H. Dose-dependent toxicity of diphenhydramine overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000; 19:489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanovksi SD, Baker SD, Casavant MJ, Hayes JR, Robinson RF, Nahata MC. Implications of diphenhydramine single-dose unintended ingestions in young children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23:465–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman RS. Understanding the limitations of retrospective analyses of poison center data. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45:943–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards DA, Fish SF, Lamson MJ, Lovejoy FH. Prediction of acetaminophen level from clinical history of overdose using a pharmacokinetic model. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:1314–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson BE, Spyker DA, Troutman WG, Watson WA. TESS-based dose response using pediatric clonidine exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson BE, Spyker DA, Troutman WG, Watson WA, Bakhireva LN. Amlodipine toxicity in children less than 6 years of age: a dose-response analysis using national poison data system data. J Emerg Med 2010; 39(2):186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden CH, Rumack BH. Acetaminophen overdose. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1984; 2(1):103–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flanagan RJ, Mant TG. Coma and metabolic acidosis early in severe acute paracetamol poisoning. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5(3):179–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth B, Woo O, Blanc P. Early metabolic acidosis and coma after acetaminophen ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(4):452–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic curves. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96(5):644–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. BMJ 1994; 309(6948):188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obuchowski NA, Lieber ML, Wians FH Jr. ROC curves in clinical chemistry: uses, misuses, and possible solutions. Clin Chem 2004; 50(7):1118–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pragst F, Herre S, Bakdash A. Poisonings with diphenhydramine – a survey of 68 clinical and 55 death cases. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 161(2–3):189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JH, Hunt HH. Acute benadryl poisoning: report of a fatal case. J Pediatr 1949; 34:358–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CM, Lopez G, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Accidental childhood death from diphenhydramine overdosage. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8:321–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SY, Arellano M, Zolkowski-Wynne J. Delayed increase in acetaminophen concentration after Tylenol PM overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17(3):315–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang WO, Nadroo AM. An unusual case of acetaminophen overdose. Pediatr Emerg Care 1999; 15(5):344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz EA, Hayes BD, Sarmiento KF. Development of hepatic failure despite use of intravenous acetylcysteine after a massive ingestion of acetaminophen and diphenhydramine. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 54:421–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halcomb SE, Sivilotti ML, Goklaney A, Mullins ME. Pharmacokinetic effects of diphenhydramine or oxycodone in simulated acetaminophen overdose. Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12(2):169–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugyani Bebarta V, Blair HW, Morgan DL, Maddry J, Borys DJ. Validation of the American Association of Poison Control Centers out of hospital guideline for pediatric diphenhydramine ingestions. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar