Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past, present and future

References

• Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Potter WZ, Davis DC, Gillette JR, Brodie BB. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. II. Role of covalent binding in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1973;187:195–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollow DJ, Thorgeirsson SS, Potter WZ, Hashimoto M, Mitchell JR. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. VI. Metabolic disposition of toxic and nontoxic doses of acetaminophen. Pharmacology 1974; 12:251–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Gillette JR, Brodie BB. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1973;187:211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Davis DC, Gillette JR, Brodie BB. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. I. Role of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1973;187:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter WZ, Davis DC, Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Gillette JR, Brodie BB. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. III. Cytochrome P-450-mediated covalent binding in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1973;187:203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter WZ, Thorgeirsson SS, Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. V. Correlation of hepatic necrosis, covalent binding and glutathione depletion in hamsters. Pharmacology 1974;12:129–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JR, Thorgeirsson SS, Potter WZ, Jollow DJ, Keiser H. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury: protective role of glutathione in man and rationale for therapy. Clin Pharmacol Therapeut 1974;16:676–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Newton RW, Swainson CP, Wright N, Forrest AR, Matthew H. Successful treatment of severe paracetamol overdosage with cysteamine. Lancet 1974;1:588–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew H. Acute acetaminophen poisoning. Clin Toxicol 1973; 6:9–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno E, Berssenbruegge DA. Reversal of experimental paracetamol toxicosis with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1976;2:738–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno E, Mosher AH, Berssenbruegge DA, Winkler JD, Smith RB. Pathophysiology of acetaminophen overdosage toxicity: implications for management. Pediatrics 1978;62:880–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Sutherland GR, Park J, Smith IJ, Proudfoot AT. Cysteamine, methionine, and penicillamine in the treatment of paracetamol poisoning. Lancet 1976;2:109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch-Weser J. Drug therapy. Acetaminophen. N Engl J Med 1976; 295:1297–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Park J, Proudfoot AT. Letter: cysteamine for paracetamol poisoning. Lancet 1976;1:357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics 1975;55:871–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH, Peterson RC, Koch GG, Amara IA. Acetaminophen overdose. 662 cases with evaluation of oral acetylcysteine treatment. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:380–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyland E, Chasseaud LF. The role of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases in mercapturic acid biosynthesis. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1969;32:173–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumack BH, Peterson RG. Acetaminophen overdose: incidence, diagnosis, and management in 416 patients. Pediatrics 1978;62: 898–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF. Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980;10(Suppl 2):291S–298S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauterburg BH, Mitchell JR. Regulation of hepatic glutathione turnover in rats in vivo and evidence for kinetic homogeneity of the hepatic glutathione pool. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1415–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Proudfoot AT. Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 1979;2:1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferner RE, Dear JW, Bateman DN. Management of paracetamol poisoning. BMJ 2011;342:d2218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976–1985) [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarema MC, Johnson DW, Berlin RJ, Sivilotti ML, Nettel-Aguirre A, Brant RF, Spyker DA, Bailey B, Chalut D, Lee JS, Plint AC, Purssell RA, Rutledge T, Seviour CA, Stiell IG, Thompson M, Tyberg J, Dart RC, Rumack BH. Comparison of the 20-hour intravenous and 72-hour oral acetylcysteine protocols for the treatment of acute acetaminophen poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 2009;54:606–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002;40:3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer C, Pakravan N, Hudson M, Smith LT, Simpson K, Bateman DN, Thomas SH. Liver unit admission following paracetamol overdose with concentrations below current UK treatment thresholds. QJM 2007;100:93–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge P, Vale JA, Bateman DN, Johnston GD, Jones A, Judd A, Thomas S, Volans G, Prescott LF, Proudfoot A. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. No need to change current guidelines to accident departments. BMJ 1998;317:1609–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridger S, Henderson K, Glucksman E, Ellis AJ, Henry JA, Williams R. Deaths from low dose paracetamol poisoning. BMJ 1998;316:1724–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip L, Dart RC, Hurlbut KM. Intravenous administration of oral N-acetylcysteine. Crit Care Med 1998;26:40–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart RC, Rumack BH. Patient-tailored acetylcysteine administration. Ann Emerg Med 2007;50:280–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betten DP, Burner EE, Thomas SC, Tomaszewski C, Clark RF. A retrospective evaluation of shortened-duration oral N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5:183–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doyon S, Klein-Schwartz W. Hepatotoxicity despite early administration of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acute acetaminophen overdose. Acad Emerg Med 2009;16:34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison PM, Keays R, Bray GP, Alexander GJ, Williams R. Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine. Lancet 1990; 335:1572–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker D, White JP, Paton D, Routledge PA. Safety of late acetylcysteine treatment in paracetamol poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 1990;9:25–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keays R, Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Forbes A, Gove C, Alexander GJ, Williams R. Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: a prospective controlled trial. BMJ 1991;303:1026–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Miki K, He X, Killeen ME, Fink MP. Prolonged treatment with N-acetylcystine delays liver recovery from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Crit Care 2009;13:R55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dear JW, Simpson KJ, Nicolai MP, Catterson JH, Street J, Huizinga T, Craig DG, Dhaliwal K, Webb S, Bateman DN, Webb DJ. Cyclophilin A is a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule that mediates acetaminophen-induced liver injury. J Immunol 2011;187:3347–3352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heard KJ, Green JL, James LP, Judge BS, Zolot L, Rhyee S, Dart RC. Acetaminophen-cysteine adducts during therapeutic dosing and following overdose. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkey Lewis PJ, Dear J, Platt V, Simpson KJ, Craig DGN, Antoine DJ, French NS, Dhaun N, Webb DJ, Costello EM, Neoptolemos JP, Moggs J, Goldring CE, Park BK. Circulating microRNAs as potential markers of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2011;54:1767–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr F, Dawson A, Whyte IM, Buckley N, Murray L, Graudins A, Chan B, Trudinger B. The Australasian Clinical Toxicology Investigators Collaboration randomized trial of different loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45: 402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakravan N, Waring WS, Sharma S, Ludlam C, Megson I, Bateman DN. Risk factors and mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46:697–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar