Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

References

• Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, Bona R, Davidson BL, Schulman S, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e495S–e530S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM, American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133:340S–380S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong BH, Castaldi PA. Platelet proaggregating effect of heparin: possible mechanism for non-immune heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Aust N Z J Med 1986; 16:715–716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greinacher A. Antigen generation in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: the nonimmunologic type and the immunologic type are closely linked in their pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1995; 21:106–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanton PE Jr, Evans JR, Lefemine AA, Vo NM, Rannick GA, Morgan CV Jr, et al. White clot syndrome. South Med J 1988; 81: 616–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. Recognition, treatment, and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: review and update. Thromb Res 2006; 118:165–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood 2005; 106:2710–2715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Horsewood P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Kelton JG. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1330–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo EM, Oliveira GB, Honeycutt EF, Becker RC, Berger PB, Moliterno DJ, et al. Evaluation and management of thrombocytopenia and suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients: The Complications After Thrombocytopenia Caused by Heparin (CATCH) registry. Am Heart J 2009; 157:651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandoni P, Siragusa S, Girolami B, Fabris F, BELZONI Investigators Group. The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in medical patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2005; 106:3049–3054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muslimani AA, Ricaurte B, Daw HA. Immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia resulting from preceding exposure to heparin catheter flushes. Am J Hematol 2007; 82:652–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauova L, Zhai L, Kowalska MA, Arepally GM, Cines DB, Poncz M. Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood 2006; 107:2346–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greinacher A, Kohlmann T, Strobel U, Sheppard JA, Warkentin TE. The temporal profile of the anti-PF4/heparin immune response. Blood 2009; 113:4970–4976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice L, Attisha WK, Drexler A, Francis JL. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 210–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruel Y, Pouplard C. Post-operative platelet count profile: the most reliable tool for identifying patients with true heparin-induced thrombocypenia after cardiac surgery. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:27–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996; 101:502–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Roberts RS, Hirsh J, Kelton JG. Heparin-induced skin lesions and other unusual sequelae of the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome: a nested cohort study. Chest 2005; 127:1857–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tietge UJ, Schmidt HH, Jäckel E, Trautwein C, Manns MP. Low molecular weight heparin-induced skin necrosis occurring distant from injection sites and without thrombocytopenia. J Intern Med 1998; 243:313–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuker A, Gimotty PA, Mark A, Crowther MA, Warkentin TE. Predictive value of the 4Ts scoring system for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2012; 120:4160–4167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harenberg J, Huhle G, Giese C, Wang LC, Feuring M, Song XH, Hoffmann U. Determination of serotonin release from platelets by enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2000;109:182–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano LM, Warkentin TE, Almahameed A, et al. Heparin- induced thrombocytopenia in the critical care setting: diagnosis and management. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong BH, Burgess J, Ismail F. The clinical usefulness of the platelet aggregation test for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:344–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996;101:502–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubenow N, Eichler P, Lietz T, Farner B, Greinacher A. Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin- induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies. Blood 2004; 104:3072–3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruel Y, Pouplard C, Nguyen P, Borg JY, Derlon A, Juhan-Vague I, et al. Biological and clinical features of low-molecular-weight heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:786–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis DE, Workman DL, Lewis BE, Steen L, Pifarre R, Moran JF. Failure of early heparin cessation as treatment for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1999; 106:629–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar