Phencyclidine analog use in Sweden—intoxication cases involving 3-MeO-PCP and 4-MeO-PCP from the STRIDA project

References

• EMCDDA. New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System (March 2015). 2015. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_235958_EN_TD0415135ENN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Public Health Agency of Sweden. Information about the Swedish legislative action on drugs [in Swedish]. Available at: http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/amnesomraden/tillsyn-och-regelverk/klassificering-av-missbrukssubstanser/. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Lindeman E, Beck O, Helander A. Characteristics of analytically confirmed 3-MMC-related intoxications from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015;53:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Hultén P, Al-Saffar Y, Beck O. Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: Results from the Swedish STRIDA project. Forensic Sci Int 2014;243:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger ML, Schweifer A, Rebernik P, Hammerschmidt F. NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:3456–3462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach J, De Paoli G, Adejare A, Brandt SD. Preparation and analytical characterization of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP) and 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine (PCPy) analogues. Drug Test Anal 2014;6:633–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garey RE. PCP (phencyclidine): an update. J Psychedelic Drugs 1979;11:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79:565–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Beck O, Bäckberg M. Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015;53:446–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris H, Wallach J. From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test Anal 2014;6:614–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misselbrook GP, Hamilton EJ. Out with the old, in with the new? Case reports of the clinical features and acute management of two novel designer drugs. Acute Med 2012;11:157–160.
   Google Scholar
• Helander A, Beck O, Hägerkvist R, Hultén P. Identification of novel psychoactive drug use in Sweden based on laboratory analysis–initial experiences from the STRIDA project. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013;73:400–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998;36:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Beck O, Hultén P, Rosengren-Holmberg J, Helander A. Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT): A case series from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014;52:618–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saffar Y, Stephanson NN, Beck O. Multicomponent LC-MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine–experience from the Swedish population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013;930: 112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson M, Fransson D, Rundlöf T, Huynh NH, Arvidsson T. A general analytical platform and strategy in search for illegal drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014;100:215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Beck O. MT-45, a new psychoactive substance associated with hearing loss and unconsciousness. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014;52:901–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronstrand R, Roman M, Dahlgren M, Thelander G, Wikström M, Druid H. A cluster of deaths involving 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT). J Anal Toxicol 2013;37:542–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronstrand R, Thelander G, Lindstedt D, Roman M, Kugelberg FC. Fatal intoxications associated with the designer opioid AH-7921. J Anal Toxicol 2014;38:599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici P, Kopec K, Manur R, Khalid A, Damiron K, Rowden A. Phencyclidine Intoxication Case Series Study. J Med Toxicol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bluelight. Available at: http://www.bluelight.org/vb/content/. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Drug-Forum. Available at: https://drugs-forum.com/forum/index.php. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Erowid. Available at: http://www.erowid.org/. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Flashback. Available at: https://www.flashback.org. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. Risk assessments of a various psychoactive substances 1999–2015. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/searchresults?action = list&type = PUBLICATIONS&SERIES_PUB = w12. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. European Drug Report 2015: Trends and Developments. 2015. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2015 (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Beck O, Rausberg L, Al-Saffar Y, Villen T, Karlsson L, Hansson T, et al. Detectability of new psychoactive substances, ‘legal highs’, in CEDIA, EMIT, and KIMS immunochemical screening assays for drugs of abuse. Drug Test Anal 2014;6:492–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisfield GM, Goldberger BA, Bertholf RL.‘False-positive’ and ‘false-negative’ test results in clinical urine drug testing. Bioanalysis 2009;1:937–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz RH. Urine testing in the detection of drugs of abuse. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2407–2412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies S, Wood DM, Smith G, Button J, Ramsey J, Archer R, et al. Purchasing ‘legal highs’ on the Internet–is there consistency in what you get? QJM 2010;103:489–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Beck O, Jönsson K-H, Helander A. Opioid intoxications involving butyrfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrfentanyl, and fentanyl from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015;53:609–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Läkemedelsverkets förteckning I över narkotika (LVFS 2014:11). [The Medical Products Agency's list of provisions on narcotics]. 2014. Available at: https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2014_11.pdf. (Accessed on June, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson R, Tuddenham L. Novel psychoactive substance intoxication resulting in attempted murder. J Forensic Leg Med 2014;25: 60–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansson A, Thelander G, Roman M, Lindstedt D, Sandler H, Rubertsson S, et al. Intoxications associated with the novel dissociative drug 3-MeO-PCP (abstract presented at the Nordic Conference on Forensic Medicine. Stockholm, Sweden, June 10–13, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Roth BL, Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W, Huang XP, Setola V, Treble R, et al. The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton CH, Sterling ML, Vaziri ND. Phencyclidine intoxication: clinical experience in 27 cases confirmed by urine assay. Ann Emerg Med 1981;10:243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walberg CB, McCarron MM, Schulze BN. Quantitation of phencyclidine in serum by enzyme immunoassay: results in 405 patients. J Anal Toxicol 1983;7:106–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA. Acute phencyclidine intoxication: clinical patterns, complications, and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 1981;10:290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yago KB, Pitts FN Jr., Burgoyne RW, Aniline O, Yago LS, Pitts AF. The urban epidemic of phencyclidine (PCP) use: clinical and laboratory evidence from a public psychiatric hospital emergency service. J Clin Psychiatry 1981;42:193–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bey T, Patel A. Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug. Cal J Emerg Med 2007;8:9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA. Acute phencyclidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1981;10:237–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawilska JB. Methoxetamine–a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties. Toxicol Lett 2014;230:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar