96
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Mechanisms of Ethanol-Drug-Nutrition Interactions

Pages 631-681 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

References

  • Pirola R C. Drug metabolism and alcohol. A Survey of Alcohol-Drug Reactions-Mechanisms, Clinical Aspects, Experimental Studies. Seaforth, ADIS Press. 1977
  • Boleda M D, Saubi N, Farres J, Pares X. Physiological substrates for rat alcohol dehydrogenase classes: aldehydes of lipid peroxidation, ω-hyroxyfatty acids, and retinoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 307: 85–90
  • Frey W A, Vallee B L. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase - an enzyme essential to the metabolism of digitalis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91: 1543–1548
  • Frey W A, Vallee B L. Digitalis metabolism and human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 924–927
  • von Wartburg J-P, Bethune J L, Valle B L. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Kinetic and physics-chemical properties. Biochemistry 1964; 3: 75–82
  • Wacker W EC, Haynes H, Druyan R, et al. Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning with ethyl alcohol. JAMA 1965; 194: 1231–1235
  • Ghanayem B I, Burka L T, Matthews H B. Metabolic basis of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) toxicity: role of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 242: 222–231
  • Blair A H, Vallee B L. Some catalytic properties of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1966; 5: 2026–2034
  • Makar A B, Tephly T R, Mannering G J. Methanol metabolism in the monkey. Mol Pharmacol 1968; 4: 471–483
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. Hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system: In vitro characteristics and adaptive properties in vivo. J Biol Chem 1970; 245: 2505–2512
  • Tephly T R, Parks R E, Mannering G J. Methanol metabolism in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1964; 143: 292–300
  • McMartin K E, Makar A B, Martin A G, et al. Methanol poisoning: The role of formic acid in the development of metabolic acidosis in the monkey and the reversal by 4-methylpyrazole. Biochem Med 1975; 13: 319–333
  • Moldeus P, Andersson B, Norling A. Interaction of ethanol oxidation with glucuronidation in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 7: 2583–2588
  • Sundheimer D W, Brendel K. Factors influencing sulfation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Life Sci 1984; 34: 23–29
  • Bodd E, Drevon C A, Kveseth N, Olsen H, Morland J. Ethanol inhibition of codeine and morphine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985; 237: 260–267
  • Bodd E, Gadenholt G, Christensson P I, Morland J. Mechanisms behind the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the conjugation of morphine in rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 239: 887–890
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. Ethanol oxidation by hepatic microsomes: Adaptive increase after ethanol feeding. Science 1968; 162: 917–918
  • Ziegler D M. Discussion. Drug Metab Disp 1973; 1: 458–460
  • Vatsis K P, Coon M J. On the question of whether cytochrome P450 catalyzes ethanol oxidation: studies with purified forms of the cytochrome from rabbit liver microsomes. Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, R G Thurman, J R Williams, H R Drott, B Change. Academic Press, New York 1977; Vol 11: 307–311
  • Vatsis K P, Kowalchyk J A, Schulman M P. Ethanol and drug metabolism in mouse liver microsomes subsequent to lipid peroxidation-induced destruction of cytochrome P450. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61: 258–264
  • Thurman R G, Scholz R. The role of hydrogen peroxide and catalase in hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidation. Drug Metab Dispos 1993; 1: 441–448
  • Isselbacher K J, Carter E A. Peroxidatic oxidation of ethanol by microsomes. Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, R G Thurman, T Yonetani, J R Williamson, B Chance. Academic Press, New York 1974; Vol. 1: 271–286
  • Barakat H A, Tapscott E Pennington. Ethanol oxidation by components of rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60: 482–488
  • Teschke R, Hasumura Y, Joly J G, Ishii H, Lieber C S. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): Purification and properties of a rat liver system free of catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49: 1187–1193
  • Teschke R, Hasumura Y, Lieber C S. Hepatic microsomal alcohol oxidizing system Solubilization, isolation and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 163: 404–415
  • Ohnishi K, Lieber C S. Reconstitution of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: qualitative and quantitative changes of cytochrome P450 after chronic ethanol consumption. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 7124–7131
  • Miwa G T, Levin W, Thomas P E, Lu A Y. The direct oxidation of ethanol by catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase-free reconstituted system containing cytochrome P450. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 187: 464–475
  • Koop D R, Morgan E T, Tarr G E, Coon M J. Purification and characterization of a unique isozyme of cytochrome P450 from liver microsomes of ethanol-treated rabbits. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 8472–8480
  • Morgan E T, Koop D R, Coon M J. Catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 isozyme 3a isolated from liver microsomes of ethanol-treated rabbits. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 13951–13957
  • Morgan E T, Koop D R, Coon M J. Comparison of six rabbit liver cytochrome P450 isozymes in formation of a reactive metabolite of acetaminophen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112: 8–13
  • Ingelman-Sundberg M, Johansson I. Mechanisms of hydroxyl radical formation and ethanol oxidation by ethanol-inducible and other forms of rabbit liver microsomal cytochromes P450. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 6447–6458
  • Koop D R, Casazza J P. Identification of ethanol-inducible P450 isozyme 3a as the acetone and acetol monooxygenase of rabbit microsomes. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 13607–13612
  • Yang C S, Tu Y Y, Koop D R, Coon M J. Metabolism of nitrosamines by purified rabbit liver cytochrome P450 isozymes. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 1140–1145
  • Lasker J M, Raucy J, Kubota S, Bloswick B P, Black M, Lieber C S. Purification and characterization of human liver cytochrome P450-ALC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148: 232–238
  • Lieber C S, Lasker J M, DeCarli L M, Saeli J, Wojtowicz T. Role of acetone, dietary fat, and total energy intake in the induction of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 247: 791–795
  • Tsutsumi M, Shimizu M, Lasker J M, Lieber C S. Intralobular distribution of ethanol inducible cytochrome P450IIE1 in liver. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1237
  • Tsutsumi M, Lasker J M, Shimizu M, Rosman A S, Lieber C S. The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in rat and human liver. Hepatology 1989; 10: 437–446
  • Koop D R, Tierney D J. Multiple mechanism in the regulation of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450IIE1. BioEssays 1990; 12: 429–435
  • Song B J, Gelboin H V, Park S S, Yang C S, Gonzalez F J. Complementary DNA and protein sequences of ethanol-inducible rat and human cytochrome P450s: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the rat enzyme. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 16689–16697
  • Song B J, Matsunaga T, Hardwick J, et al. Stabilization of cytochrome P450J messenger ribonucleic acid in the diabetic rat. Mol Endocrinol 1987; 1: 542–547
  • Khani S C, Zaphiropoulos P G, Fujita V S, Porter T D, Koop D R, Coon M J. CDNA and derived amino acid sequence of ethanol-inducible rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 isozyme 3a (P450ALC). Proc Natl Acad Sci 1987; 84: 638–642
  • Johansson I J, Ekstrom G, Scholte B, Puzycki D, Jornvall H, Ingleman-Sundberg M. Ethanol-, fasting, and acetone-inducible cytochromes P-450 in rat liver: Regulation and characteristics of enzymes belonging to the IIB and IIE gene subfamilies. Biochemistry 1988; 27: 1925–1934
  • Porter T D, Khani S C, Coon M J. Induction and tissue-specific expression of rabbit cytochrome P450IIE1 and IIE2 genes. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 36: 61–65
  • Eliasson E, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Ligand-dependent maintenance of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 in primary rat hepatocyte cell cultures. Biochem Bioshys Res Comm 1988; 150: 436–443
  • Song B J, Veech R I, Park S S, Gelboin H V, Gonzalez F J. Induction of rat hepatic Nnitrosodimethylamine demethylase by acetone is due to protein stabilization. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 3568–3572
  • Tsutsumi M, Lasker J M, Takahashi T, Lieber C S. In vivo induction of hepatic P4502EI by ethanol: Role of increased enzyme synthesis. Arch Biochem Bioshys 1993; 304: 209–218
  • Kim S G, Novak R F. Induction of rat hepatic P450IIE1 (CYP 2E1) by pyridine: Evidence for a role of protein synthesis in the absence of transcriptional activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166: 1072–1079
  • Diehl A M, Bisgaard H C, Kren B T, Steer C J. Ethanol interferes with regeneration-associated changes in biotransforming enzymes: a potential mechanism underlying ethanol's carcinogenicity?. Hepatology 1991; 13: 722–727
  • Kubota S, Lasker J M, Lieber C S. Molecular regulation of ethanol inducible cytochrome P450-IIEI in hamsters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 150: 304–310
  • Takahashi T, Lasker J M, Rosman A S, Lieber C S. Induction of P45OE1 in human liver by ethanol is due to a corresponding increase in encoding mRNA. Hepatology 1993; 17: 236–245
  • Ronis M J, Huang J, Crouch J, et al. Cytochrome P450 CYP 2E1 induction during chronic alcohol exposure occurs by a two-step mechanism associated with blood alcohol concentration in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1993; 264: 944–950
  • Badger T M, Huang J, Ronis M, Lumpkin C K. Induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 during chronic ethanol exposure occurs via transcription of the CYP 2E1 gene when blood alcohol concentrations are high. Biochem Res Commun 1993; 190: 780–785
  • Rubin E, Lieber C S, Alvares A P, Levin W, Kuntzman R. Ethanol binding to hepatic microsomes: Its increase by ethanol consumption. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20: 229–231
  • Chung H, Brown D R. Mechanism of the effect of acute ethanol on hexobarbital metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25: 1613–1616
  • Lieber C S. Metabolism of ethanol. Metabolic Aspects of Alcoholism, C S Lieber. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland 1977; 1–29
  • Reinke L A, Kauffman F C, Belinsky S A, Thurman R G. Interactions between ethanol metabolism and mixed-function oxidation in perfused rat liver: Inhibition of p-nitroanisole o-demethylation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 213: 70–78
  • Rubin E, Gang H, Misra P S, Lieber C S. Inhibition of drug metabolism by acute ethanol intoxication. A hepatic microsomal mechanism. Am J Med 1970; 49: 801–806
  • Cinti D L, Grundin R, Orrenius S. The effect of ethanol on drug oxidations in vitro and the significance of ethanol-cytochrome P-450 interaction. Biochem J 1973; 134: 367–375
  • Cohen B S, Estabrook R W. Microsomal electron transport reactions. 111. Cooperative interactions between reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide and reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked reactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 143: 54–65
  • Whitehouse L W, Paul C J, Coldwell B B, Thomas B H. Effect of ethanol on diazepam distribution in rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1975; 12: 221–242
  • Voas R B (1973) Alcohol as an underlying factor in behavior leading to fatal highway crashes. Proceedings of the First Annual Alcoholism Conference of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and alcoholism. 1973, M E Chafetz. DHEW Publ. (NIH), Washington, DC, 74–675, US Government Printing Office,324.
  • Forney R B, Hughes F W. Meprobamate, ethanol or meprobamate-ethanol combinations on performance of human subjects under delayed audiofeedback (DAF). J Psychol 1964; 57: 431–436
  • Hoyumpa A, Desmond P, Roberts R, et al. Effect of ethanol on benzodiazepine disposition in dogs. Clin Res 1979; 27: 454A
  • Hollister L E. Interactions between alcohol and benzodiazepines. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M Galanter. Plenum Press, New York 1990; 8: 233–239
  • Desmond P V, Patwardhan R V, Schenker S, Hoyumpa A M. Short-term ethanol administration impairs the elimination of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in man. Eur J Clin Phannacol 1980; 18: 275–278
  • Hoyumpa A M, Patwardhan R, Maples M, Desmond P V, Johnson R F, Sinclair A P, Schenker S. Effect of short-term ethanol administration on lorazepam clearance. Hepatology 1981; 1: 47–53
  • Sellers E M, Naranjo C A, Giles H G, Frecker R C, Beeching M. Intravenous diazepam and oral ethanol interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 638–645
  • Lane E A, Guthrie A, Linnoila M. Effects of ethanol on drug and metabolite pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokin 1985; 10: 228–247
  • Morland J, Setekliev J, Haffner J FW, et al. Combined effects of diazepam and ethanol on mental and psychomotor functions. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1974; 34: 5–15
  • Bo O, Haffher J FW, Langard O, et al. Ethanol and diazepam as causative agents in road traffic accidents. Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, S Israelstam, S Lambert. Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, Toronto 1975; 439–448
  • Forrest F M, Forrest I S, Finkle B S. Alcohol-chlorpromazine interaction in psychiatric patients. Agressologie 1971; 13: 67–74
  • Zirkle G A, King P D, McAlee D B, Van Dyke R. Effects of chlorpromazine and alcohol on coordination and judgement. JAMA 1959; 1: 1496–1499
  • Milner G, Landauer A A. Alcohol thioridazine and chlorpromazine effects on skills related to driving behavior. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 118: 351–352
  • Kissin B. Interactions of ethyl alcohol and other drugs. The Biology of Alcoholism Clinical Pathology, B Kissin, H Begleiter. Plenum Press, New York 1974; Vol 3: 109–161
  • Dorian P, Sellers E M, Reed K L, et al. Amitriptyline and ethanol: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 325–331
  • Bogan J, Smith H. Analytical investigation of barbiturate poisoning - description of methods and a survey of results. J Forensic Sci 1967; 7: 37–45
  • Neuvonen P J, Pentikainen P J, Jostell K G, Syvalahti E. Effects of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole in humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1981; 19: 552–560
  • Robinson A E, McDowall R D. Toxicological investigations of six chlormethiazole-related deaths. Forensic Sci Int 1979; 14: 49–55
  • Borowsky S A, Lieber C S. Interaction of methadone and ethanol metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978; 207: 123–126
  • Coleman J H, Evans W E. Drug interactions with alcohol. Reprint: Alcohol Health Res. World Winter 1975; 16–19
  • Grabowski B S, Cady W J, Young W W, Emery J F. Effects of acute alcohol administration on propranolol absorption. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1980; 18: 317–319
  • Lester D. The acetylation of isoniazid in alcoholics. Quart J Stud Alcohol 1964; 25: 541–543
  • Carulli N, Manenti I, Gallo M, Salvioli G F. Alcohol-drugs interaction in man: Alcohol and tolbutamide. Eur J Clin Invest 1971; 1: 421–424
  • Riihimaki V, Savolainen K, Pfaffli P, Pekari K, Sippel H W, Laine A. Metabolic interaction between m-xylene and ethanol. Arch Toxicol 1982; 49: 253–263
  • Teschke R, Hauptmeier K-H, Frenzel H. Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on the hepatotoxicity due to carbon tetrachloride. Liver 1983; 3: 100–109
  • Kalant H, Khanna J M, Marshman J. Effect of chronic intake of ethanol on pentobarbital metabolism. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 1970; 5: 318–324
  • Kater R MH, Roggin G, Tobon F, et al. Increased rate of clearance of drugs from the circulation of alcoholics. Am J Med Sci 1969; 258: 35–39
  • Misra P S, Lefevre A, Ishii H, Rubin E, Lieber C S. Increase of ethanol meprobamate and pentobarbital metabolism after chronic ethanol administration in man and in rats. Am J Med 1971; 51: 346–351
  • Sotanlemi E A, Anttila M, Rautio A, Stengard J, Saukko P, Jarvensivu P. Propranolol and sotaiol metabolism after a drinking party. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 705–710
  • Vessell E S, Page J G, Passananti G T. Genetic environmental factors affecting ethanol metabolism in man. Clin Phannacol Ther 1971; 12: 192–201
  • Kater R MJ, Tobon F, Iber F L. Increased rate of tolbutamide metabolism in alcoholic patients. J Am Med Assoc 1969; 207: 363–365
  • Pritchard J F, Schneck D W. Effects of ethanol and phenobarbital on the metabolism of propranolol by 9000 g rat liver supernatant. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26: 2453–2454
  • Sellman R, Kanto J, Raijola E, Pekkarinen A. Human and animal study on elimination from plasma and metabolism of diazepam after chronic alcohol intake. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1975; 36: 33–38
  • Grassi G G, Grassi C. Ethanol-antibiotic interactions at hepatic level. J Clin Pharmacol Biopharmacol 1975; 11: 216–225
  • Ioannides C, Lake B G, Parke D V. Enhancement of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in vitro following ethanol administration. Xenobiotica 1975; 5: 665–676
  • Rubin E, Lieber C S. Hepatic microsomal enzymes in man and rat: Induction and inhibition by ethanol. Science 1968; 162: 690–691
  • Ariyoshi T, Takabatake E, Remmer H. Drug metabolism in ethanol-induced fatty liver. Life Sci 1970; 9: 361–369, (Part II)
  • Joly J-G, Ishii H, Teschke R, Hasumura Y, Lieber C S. Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on the activities and submicrosomal distribution of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P-450 reductase and the demethylase for aminopyrine and ethylmorphine. Biochem Phannacol 1973; 22: 1532–1535
  • Martin E W. Hazards of Medication. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia 1971
  • Teschke R, Moreno F, Petrides A S. Hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS): respective role of ethanol and carbohydrates for the enhanced activity after chronic alcohol consumption. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30: 45–51
  • Joly J-G, Hetu C. Effects of chronic ethanol administration in the rat: relative dependency on dietary lipids. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24: 1475–1480
  • Mitchell J R, Mack C, Mezey E, et al. The effects of variation in dietary protein and ethanol on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the rat. Hepatology 1981; 1: 336–340
  • Hetu C, Joly J-G. Differences in the duration of the enhancement of liver mixed-function oxidase activities in ethanol-fed rats after withdrawal. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 1211–1216
  • Dai Y, Rashba-Step J, Cederbaum A I. Stable expression of human cytochrome P4502EI in HepG2 cells: characterization of catalytic activities and production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 6928–6937
  • Hasumura Y, Teschke R, Lieber C S. Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, and its mechanism, after chronic ethanol consumption. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 415–422
  • Hetu C, Dumont A, Joly J-G. Effect of chronic ethanol administration on bromobenzene liver toxicity in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharm 1983; 67: 166–167
  • Siegers C P, Heidbuchel K, Younes M. Influence of alcohol, dithiocard and (+)-catechin on the hepatotoxicity and metabolism of vinylidene chloride in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1983; 3: 90–95
  • Tsutsumi R, Leo M A, Kim C I, Tsutsumi M, Lasker J, Lowe N, Lieber C S. Interaction of ethanol with enflurane metabolism and toxicity: role of P450IIE1. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 174–179
  • Takagi T, Ishii H, Takahashi H, et al. Potentiation of halothane hepatotoxicity by chronic ethanol administration in rat: An animal model of halothane hepatitis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 18(Suppl 1)461–465
  • Nakajima T, Okino T, Sato A. Kinetic studies on benzene metabolism in rat liver possible presence of three forms of benzene metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36: 2799–2804
  • Beskid M, Bialck J, Dzieniszewski J, Sadowski J, Tlalka J. Effect of combined phenylbutazone and ethanol administration on rat liver. Exp Pathol 1980; 18: 487–491
  • Seef L B, Cuccherini B A, Zimmerman H J, Alder E, Benjamin S B. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics (Clinical review). Ann Int Med 1986; 104: 399–404
  • Raucy J L, Lasker J M, Lieber C S, Black M. Acetaminophen activation by human liver cytochromes P450IIE1 and P4501A2. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 271: 283–273
  • Lieber C S, Garro A, Leo M A, Mak K M, Worner T M. Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology 1986; 6: 1005–1019
  • Garro A J, Seitz H K, Lieber C S. Enhancement of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and activation to a mutagen following chronic ethanol consumption. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 120–124
  • Seitz H K, Garro A J, Lieber C S. Enhanced pulmonary and intestinal activation of procarcinogens and mutagens after chronic ethanol consumption in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest 1981; 11: 33–38
  • Seitz H K, Czygan P, Waldherr K, Veith S, Kommerell B. Ethanol and intestinal carcinogenesis in the rat. Alcohol 1985; 2: 491–494
  • Shimizu M, Lasker J M, Tsutsumi M, Lieber C S. Immunohistochemical localization of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in the rat alimentary tract. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1044–1053
  • Farinati F, Zhou Z, Bellah J, Lieber C S, Garro A J. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on activation of nitrosopyrrolidine to a mutagen by rat upper alimentary tract, lung and hepatic tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 1985; 13: 210–214
  • Leo M A, Lieber C S. Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 597–601
  • Sato M, Lieber C S. Hepatic vitamin A depletion after chronic ethanol consumption in baboons and rats. J Nutr 1981; 111: 2015–2023
  • Leo M A, Lieber C S. New pathway for retinol metabolism in liver microsomes. J Biochem 1985; 260: 5228–5231
  • Leo M A, Kim C l, Lieber C S. NAD-dependent retinol dehydrogenase in liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 259: 241–249
  • Leo M A, Iida S, Lieber C S. Retinoic acid metabolism by a system reconstituted with cytochrome P-450. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 234: 305–312
  • Leo M A, Lasker J M, Raucy J L, Kim C I, Black M, Lieber C S. Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P4501IC8. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 269: 305–312
  • Leo M A, Lowe N, Lieber C S. Potentiation of ethanol-induced hepatic vitamin A depletion by phenobarbital and butylated hydroxytoluene. J Nutr 1987; 117: 70–76
  • Leo M A, Lowe N, Lieber C S. Decreased hepatic vitamin A after drug administration in humans and in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 1131–1136
  • Leo M A, Sato M, Lieber C S. Effect of hepatic vitamin A depletion on the liver in men and rats. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 562–572
  • Leo M A, Lowe N, Lieber C S. Interaction of drugs and retinol. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35: 3949–3953
  • Leo M A, Arai M, Sato M, Lieber C S. Hepatotoxicity of vitamin A and ethanol in the rat. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 194–205
  • Leo M A, Lieber C S. Hepatic fibrosis after long tenn administration of ethanol and moderate vitamin A supplementation in the rat. Hepatology 1983; 2: 1–11
  • Leo M A, Lieber C S. Hypervitaminosis A: A liver lover's lament. Hepatology 1988; 8: 412–417
  • Leo M A, Kim C L, Lowe N, Lieber C S. Interaction of ethanol with P-carotene: Delayed blood clearance and enhanced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 1992; 15: 883–891
  • Leo M A, Rosman A, Lieber C S. Differential depletion of carotenoids and tocopherol in liver diseases. Hepatology 1993; 17: 977–986
  • Keilin D, Hartree E F. Properties of catalase: Catalysis of coupled oxidation of alcohols. Biochem J 1945; 39: 293–301
  • De Creamer D, Kerckaert I, Roels F. Hepatocellular peroxisomes in human alcoholic and drug-induced hepatitis: A quantitative study. Hepatology 1991; 14: 811–817
  • Handler J A, Thurman R G. Fatty acid-dependent ethanol metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 133: 44–51
  • Williamson J R, Scholz R, Browning E T, Thurman R G, Fukami M H. Metabolic effects of ethanol in perfused rat liver. J Biol Chem 1969; 25: 5044–5054
  • Sereny G, Sharama V, Holt J, et al. Mandatory supervised antabuse therapy in an outpatient alcoholism program: A pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 290–292
  • Ohman M, Marklund S L. Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase and erythrocyte Cu, Zn-containing superoxide dismutase in alcoholics treated with disulfiram. Clin Sci 1986; 70: 365–369
  • Truitt E B, Walsh M J. The role of acetaldehyde in the actions of ethanol. The Biology of Alcoholism, B Kissin, H Begleiter. Plenum, New York 1971; Vol 1
  • Beyeler C, Fisch H U, Preisig R. The disulfiram-alcohol reactions: Factors determining and potential tests predicting severity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985; 9: 118–124
  • Kitson T M. The effect of 5,5'-Dithiobis(1-methyltetrazole) on cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase and its implications for cephalosporin-alcohol reactions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 27–32
  • Baraona E, Julk-Unen R, Tannenbaum L, Lieber C S. Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth in ethanol production and metabolism in rats. Gastroenterology 1986; 30: 103–110
  • Bird M I, Nunn P B. Metabolic homeostasis of L-threonine in the normally-fed rat. Biochem J 1983; 214: 687–694
  • Ma X-L, Baraona E, Hernandez R, Lieber C S. High levels of acetaldehyde in nonalcoholic liver injury after threonine or ethanol administration. Hepatology 1989; 10: 933–940
  • Hasumura Y, Teschke R, Lieber C S. Acetaldehyde oxidation by hepatic mitochondria: decrease after chronic ethanol consumption. Science 1975; 189: 727–729
  • Korsten M A, Matsuzaki S, Feinman L, Lieber C S. High blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol administration: Differences between alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 386–389
  • Di Padova C, Worner T M, Julkunen R JK, Lieber C S. Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the first pass metabolism of ethanol. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1169–1173
  • Pikkarainen P H, Gordon E R, Lebsack M E, Lieber C S. Determinants of plasma free acetaldehyde level during the oxidation of ethanol: Effects of chronic ethanol feeding. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30: 799–802
  • Lieber C S, Baraona E, Hernandez-Munoz R. Impaired oxygen utilization: A new mechanism for the hepatotoxicity of ethanol in sub-human primates. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1682–1690
  • Hashimoto S, Recknagel R O. No chemical evidence of hepatic lipid peroxidation in acute ethanol toxicity. Exp Mol Pathol 1968; 8: 225–242
  • Scheig R, Klatskin G. Some effects of ethanol and carbon tetrachloride on lipoperoxidation in rat liver. Life Sci 1969; 8: 855–846
  • Bunyan J, Cawthrone M A, Diplock A T, Green J. Vitamin E and hepatotoxic agents. 2. Lipid peroxidation and poisoning with orotic acid, ethanol and thioacetamide in rats. Br J Nutr 1969; 23: 309–317
  • Comporti M, Burdino E, Raja F. Fatty acids composition of mitochondrial and microsomal lipids of rat liver after acute ethanol intoxication. Life Sci 1971; 10: 855–866, (Part 11)
  • Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Ross W A, Gordon E R, Lieber C S. Ethanol induced lipid peroxidation: potentiation by long-term alcohol feeding and attenuation by methionine. J Lab Clin Med 1981; 98: 417–425
  • Shaw S, Rubin K P, Lieber C S. Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased diene conjugates in alcoholic liver disease: evidence of lipid peroxidation. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28: 585–589
  • Lettron P, Duchatelle V, Berson A, et al. Increased ethane exhalation, an in vivo index of lipid peroxidation, in alcohol-abusers. Gut 1993; 34: 409–414
  • Castillo T, Koop D R, Kamimura S, Triadafilopoulos G, Tsukamoto H. Role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in ethanol-, carbon tetrachloride- and iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation. Hepatology 1992; 16: 992–996
  • Muller A, Sies H. Role of alcohol dehydrogenase activity and the acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced ethane and pentane production by isolated perfused rat liver. Biochem J 1982; 206: 153–156
  • Morton S, Mitchell M C. Effects of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione turnover in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 1559–1563
  • Speisky H, MacDonald A, Giles G, Orrego H, Israel Y. Increased loss and decreased synthesis of hepatic glutathione after acute ethanol administration. Biochem J 1985; 225: 565
  • Hirano T, Kaplowitz N, Tsukamoto H, Kamimura S, Fernandez-Checa J C. Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione depletion and progression of experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats. Hepatology 1992; 6: 1423–1427
  • Barclay L R. The cooperative antioxidant role of glutathione with a lipid-soluble and a water-soluble antioxidant during peroxidation of liposomes initiated in the aqueous phase and in the lipid phase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 16138–16142
  • Finkelstein J D, Cello J P, Kyle W E. Ethanol-induced changes in methionine metabolism in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61: 475–481
  • Lieber C S, Casini A, DeCarli L M, Kim C, Lowe N, Sasaki R, Leo M A. S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon. Hepatology 1990; 11: 165–172
  • Duce A M, Orttiz P, Cabrero C, Mato J M. S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase and phospholipid methyltransferase are inhibited in human cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 65–68
  • Israel Y, Speisky H, Lana A J, Iwamura S, Hirai M, Varghese G. Metabolism of hepatic glutathione and its relevance in alcohol induced liver damage. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Cirrhosis, B Clement, A Guillouzo. John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. 1992; 216: 25–37
  • Geesin J C, Hendricks L J, Falkenstein P A, Gordon J S, Berg R A. Regulation of collagen synthesis by ascorbic acid: characterization of the role of ascorbate-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 290: 127–132
  • Yamada S, Wilson J S, Lieber C S. The effects of alcohol and diet on hepatic and serum gamma- glutamyltranspeptidase activities in rats. J Nutr 1985; 115: 1285–1290
  • Mato J M. Progress in Protein-Lipid Interactions. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York 1986; Vol 2
  • Tribble D L, Au T Y, Jones D P. The pathological significance of lipid peroxidation in 57 oxidative cell injury. Hepatology 1987; 7: 377–387
  • Bonjour J P. Vitamins and alcoholism. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1979; 49: 434–441
  • Korpela H, Kumpulainen J, Luoma P V, Arranto A J, Sotaniemi E A. Decreased serum selenium in alcoholics as related to liver structure and function. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 147–151
  • Dworkin B, Rosenthal W S, Jankowski R H, Gordon G G, Haldea D. Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30: 838–844
  • Tanner A R, Bantock I, Hinks L, Lloyd B, Turner N R, Wright R. Depressed selenium and vitamin E levels in an alcoholic population. Possible relationship to hepatic injury through increased lipid peroxidation. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 1307–1312
  • Losowsky M S, Leonard P J. Evidence of vitamin E deficiency in patients with malabsorption or alcoholism and the effect of therapy. Gut 1967; 8: 539–543
  • Yoshikawa Y, Takemura S, Kondo M. α-tocopherol level in liver diseases. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1982; 4: 311–318
  • Bjorneboe G EA, Johnsen J, Bjorneboe A, Morland J, Drevon C A. Effect of heavy alcohol consumption on serum concentration of fat soluble vitamins and selenium. Alcohol Alcohol 1987; 1(Suppl)533–537
  • McCay P B. Vitamin E Interaction with free radical and ascorbate. Ann Rev Nutr 1985; 5: 323–340
  • Niki E. Interaction of ascorbate and atocopherol. Ann NY Acad Sci 1987; 493: 186–199
  • Bjorneboe G EA, Bjorneboe A, Hagen B F, Morland J, Drevon C A. Reduced hepatic α-tocopherol content after long-term administration of ethanol to rats. Biochem Biophys Acta 1987; 918: 236–241
  • Bjorneboe G EA, Johnsen J, Bjorneboe A. Some aspects of antioxidant status in blood from alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 806–810
  • Kawase T, Kato S, Lieber C S. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in rat liver after chronic ethanol feeding. Hepatology 1989; 10: 815–821
  • Dicker E, Cederbaum A I. Increased oxygen radical-dependent inactivation of metabolic enzymes by liver microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption. FASEB J 1988; 2: 2901–2906
  • Zhang H, Loney L A, Potter B J. Effect of chronic alcohol feeding on hepatic iron status and ferritin uptake by rat hepatocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 394–400
  • Lieber C S. The influence of alcohol on nutritional status. Nutr Rev 1988; 46: 241–245
  • Mak K I, Lieber C S. Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease: a morphometric study. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1027–1033
  • Moshage H, Casini A, Lieber C S. Acetaldehyde stimulates collagen production in cultured rat liver fat-storing cells but not in hepatocytes. Hepatology 1990; 12: 511–518
  • Bachem M G, Meyer D, Schdfer W, Riess U, Melchior R, Sell K-M, Gressner A M. The response of rat liver perisinusoidal lipocytes to polypeptide growth regulator changes with their transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells in culture. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 40–52
  • Casini A, Cunningham M, Rojkind M, Lieber C S. Acetaldehyde increases procollagen type I and fibronectin gene transcription in cultured rat fat-storing cells through a protein synthesis-dependent mechanism. Hepatology 1991; 13: 758–765
  • Lieber C S, Robins S J, Li J, DeCarli L M, Mak K M, Fasulo J M, Leo M A. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 152–159
  • Lieber C S, Leo M A, Mak K M, DeCarli L M, Sato S. Choline fails to prevent liver fibrosis in ethanol-fed baboons but causes toxicity. Hepatology 1985; 5: 561–572
  • Nanji A A, French S W. Dietary linoeic acid is required for development of experimentally induced alcoholic liver injury. Life Sci 1989; 44: 223
  • Buko V U, Lukivskaya O Y, Zimatkin S M. Influence of diets with different content of linoleic acid on the development of alcoholic liver disease. Quest Med Chem 1990; 56–60
  • Lekim D, Graf E. Tierexperimentelle Studien zur Pharmakokinetik der 'essentielien' Phospholipide (EPL). Drug Research - Arzneimittel-Forschung 1976; 26: 1772–1782
  • Aral M, Gordon E R, Lieber C S. Decreased cytochrome oxidase activity in hepatic mitochondria after chronic ethanol consumption and the possible role of decreased cytochrome aa3 content and changes in phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 797: 320–327
  • Arai M, Leo M A, Nakano M, Gordon E R, Lieber C S. Biochemical and morphological alterations of baboon hepatic mitochondria after chronic ethanol consumption. Hepatology 1984; 4: 165–174
  • Lieber C S, Robins S J, Leo M A. Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity is decreased by ethanol and increased by phosphatidylcholine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994, In press
  • Hoek J B, Thomas A P, Rooney T A, Higashi K, Rubin E. Ethanol and signal transduction in the liver. Fed Am Soc Exp Bio J 1992; 6: 2386–2396
  • Higashi K, Hoek J B. Ethanol causes desensitization of receptor-mediated phospholipase C activation in isolated hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 2178–2190
  • Nomura F, Lieber C S. Binding of acetaldehyde to rat liver microsomes: enhancement after chronic alcohol consumption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 100: 131–137
  • Behrens U J, Hoerner M, Lasker J M, Lieber C S. Formation of acetaldehyde adducts with ethanol-inducible P45011EI in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 154: 584–590
  • Lin R C, Smith R S, Lumeng L. Detection of a protein-acetaldehyde adduct in the liver of rats fed alcohol chronically. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 61–619
  • Baraona E, Liu W, Ma X L, Svegliati-Baroni G, Lieber C S. Acetaldehyde-collagen adducts in N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Life Sci 1993; 52: 1249–1255
  • Svegliati-Baroni G, Baraona E, Rosman A, Lieber C S. Collagen-acetaldehyde adducts in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. Hepatology 1994, In press
  • Donahue T M, Jr, Tuma D J, Sorrell M F. Acetaldehyde adducts with proteins: binding of [14C] acetaldehyde to serum albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 220: 239–246
  • Stevens V J, Fantl W J, Newman C B, Sims R V, Cerami A, Peterson C M. Acetaldehyde adducts with hemoglobin. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 361–369
  • Wehr H, Rodo M, Lieber C S, Baraona E. Acetaldehyde adducts and autoantibodies against VLDL and LDL in alcoholics. J Lipid Res 1993; 34: 1237–1244
  • Baraona E, Leo M A, Borowsky S A, Lieber C S. Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced accumulation of protein in the liver. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 546–554
  • Israel Y, Hurwitz E, Nimeld O, Arnon R. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against acetaldehyde-containing epitopes in acetaldehyde-proteinadducts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7923–7927
  • Hoerner M, Behrens U J, Worner T, Lieber C S. Humoral immune response to acetaldehyde adducts in alcoholic patients. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1986; 54: 3–12
  • Hoerner M, Behrens U J, Worner T M, Blacksberg I, Braly L F, Schaffner F, Lieber C S. The role of alcoholism and liver disease in the appearance of serum antibodies against acetaldehyde adducts. Hepatology 1988; 8: 569–574
  • Niemela O, Klajner F, Orrego H, Vidins E, Blendis L, Israel Y. Antibodies against acetaldehyde-modified protein epitopes in human alcoholics. Hepatology 1987; 7: 1210–1214
  • Solomon L R. Evidence for the generation of transaminase inhibitor(s) during ethanol metabolism by rat liver homogenates a potential mechanism for alcohol toxicity. Biochem Med Metabol Biol 1987; 38: 9–18
  • Espina N, Lima V, Lieber C S, Garro A J. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on O'methylguanine transferase. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 761–766
  • Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Suda M, Higashino K. Effect of ethanol ingestion on nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in erythrocytes and purine bases in plasma and urine: acetaldehyde-induced erythrocyte purine degradation. Metabolism 1993; 42: 1212–1216
  • Lieber C S. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism. Mechanisms and Management. Plenum Press, New York 1992
  • Olsen H, Morland J. Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man. Br Med J 1978; 2: 1260–1262
  • Levy G. Drug biotransformation interactions in man: Non-narcotic analgesics. Ann NY Acad Sci 1971; 9: 32–42
  • Mogelson S, Lange L G. Nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in rabbit myocardium: Purification to homogeneity of fatty acyl ethyl ester synthase. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 4075–4081
  • Laposata E A, Lange L G. Presence of nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in human organs commonly damaged by ethanol abuse. Science 1986; 231: 497–499
  • Boelsterli U A, Wolf A, Goldlin C. Oxygen free radical production mediated by cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaethylene, in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1154–1161
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. Effect of drug administration on the activity of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Life Sci 1970; 9: 267–276
  • Fischer H D, Oelssner W. Der Einfluss von Barbituraten auf die Alkoholelimination bei Mausen. Klin Wochen 1961; 39: 1265
  • Mezey E, Robles E A. Effects of phenobarbital administration on rates of ethanol clearance and on ethanol-oxidizing enzymes in man. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 248–253
  • Ruebner B H, Krieger R I, et al. Hepatic and metabolic effects of ethanol on rhesus monkeys. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, M M Gross. Plenum Press, New York 1975; Vol 59: 395–405
  • Sotaniemi E, Isoaho R, Huhti E, et al. Increased clearance of ethanol from the blood of asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy 1972; 30: 254–257
  • Tephly T R, Tinelli F, Watkins W D. Alcohol metabolism: Role of microsomal oxidation in vivo. Science 1969; 166: 627–628
  • Klaassen C D. Ethanol metabolism in rats after microsomal metabolizing enzyme induction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969; 132: 1099–1102
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. The role of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) for ethanol metabolism in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1972; 181: 279–287
  • Khanna J M, Kalant H, Lin G. Significance in vivo of the increase in microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system after chronic administration of ethanol, phenobarbital, and chlorcyclizine. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21: 2215–2226
  • Hildebrandt A G, Speck M, Roots I. The effects of substrates of mixed function oxidase on ethanol oxidation in rat liver microsomes. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1974; 281: 271–282
  • Messiha F S. Chlorpromazine and ethanol intoxication: an underlying mechanism. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1980; 7: 185
  • Whitehouse L W, Paul C J, Thomas B H. Isoniazid induced tolerance to ethanol in rabbits, guinea pig and rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1980; 1: 235–245
  • Lundquist F, Wolthers H. The influence of fructose on the kinetics of alcohol elimination in man. Acta Pharmacol 1958; 14: 290–294
  • Brown S S, Forrest J AH, Roscoe P. A controlled trial of fructose in the treatment of acute alcoholic intoxication. Lancet 1972; ii: 898–900
  • Berry M N. Effects of microsomal-metabolized drugs (MMD) on oxidation of ethanol, sorbitol or glycerol in rat. Clin Res 1971; 19: 471
  • Holzer H, Schneider S. Zum Mechanismus der Beeinflussung der Alkohol-Oxydation in der Leber durch Fructose. Klin Wochen 1955; 33: 1066–1069
  • Thieden H ID, Grunnet N, Damgaard S E, Sestoft L. Effect of fructose and glyceraldehyde on ethanol metabolism in human liver and in rat liver. Eur J Biochem 1972; 30: 250–261
  • Damgaard S E, Sestoft L, Lundquist F, Tygstrup N. The interrelationship between fructose and ethanol metabolism in the isolated perfused pig liver. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1972; 542: 131–140
  • Damgaard S E, Lundquist F, Tonnesen K, et al. Metabolism of ethanol and fructose in the isolated perfused pig liver. Eur J Biochem 1973; 33: 87–97
  • Yllkhari R H, Hassinen I E, Kahonen M T. Metabolic interactions of fructose and ethanol in perfused liver of normal and thyroxine-treated rats. Metabolism 1971; 20: 555–567
  • Lindros K O, Hillbom M E. Hepatic redox state and ketone body metabolism during oxidation of ethanol and fructose in normal, hyper-and hypothyroid rats. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1971; 49: 162–169
  • Bode J C, Zelder O, Rumpelt H J, Wittkamp U. Depletion of liver adenosine phosphates and metabolic effects of intravenous infusion of fructose or sorbitol in man and in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest 1973; 3: 436–441
  • Hultman E, Nilsson L H, Sahlin K. Adenine nucleotide content of human liver. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975; 35: 245–251
  • Bode J C, Bode C, Rumpelt H J, Zelder O. Loss of hepatic adenosine phosphates and metabolic consequences following fructose or sorbitol administration in man and in the rat. Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism, F Lundquist, N Tygstrup. Adademic Press, New York 1973; 267–284
  • Hernandez-Munoz R, Caballeria J, Baraona E, Uppal R, Greenstein R, Lieber C S. Human gastric alcohol dehydrogenase: its inhibition by H2-receptor antagonists, and its effect on the bioavailability of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 946–950
  • Caballeria J, Baraona E, Rodamilans M, Lieber C S. Effects of cimetidine on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and blood ethanol levels. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 388–392
  • Roine R P, Gentry R T, Lim R T, Jr, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Effect of concentration of ingested ethanol on blood alcohol levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 734–738
  • Smith T, DeMaster E G, Furne J K, Springfield J, Levitt M D. First-pass gastric mucosal metabolism of ethanol is negligible in the rat. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1801–1806
  • Lim R T, Jr, Gentry R T, Ito D, Yokoyama H, Baraona E, Lieber C S. First pass metabolism of ethanol in rats is predominantly gastric. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1337–1344
  • Roine R P, Gentry R T, Lim R T, Helkkonen E, Salaspuro M, Lieber C S. Comparison of blood alcohol concentrations after beer and whiskey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 709–711
  • Roine R, Gentry R T, Hernandez-Munoz R, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Aspirin increases blood alcohol concentrations in humans after ingestion of ethanol. JAMA 1990; 264: 2406–2408
  • Caballeria J, Baraona E, Deulofeu R, Hernandez-Munoz R, Rodes J, Lieber C S. Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1673–1679
  • Palmer R H, Frank W O, Nambi P, Wetherington J D, Fox M J. Effects of various concomitant medications on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase and first pass metabolism of ethanol. Am Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1749–1755
  • Fraser A G, Hudson M, Sawyerr A M, Rosalki S B, Pounder R E. Short report: the effect of ranitidine on the post-prandial absorption of a low dose of alcohol. Aliment Pharmcol Ther 1992; 6: 267–271
  • Seitz H K, Veith S, Czygan P, Bosche J, Simon B, Gugler R, Kommerell B. In vivo interactions between H2-receptor antagonists and ethanol metabolism in man and in rats. Hepatology 1984; 4: 1231–1234
  • Guram M, Howden C W, Holt S. Further evidence for an interaction between alcohol and certain H2-receptor antagonists. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 1084–1085
  • Di Padova C, Roine R, Frezza M, Gentry R T, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Effects of ranitidine on blood alcohol levels after ethanol ingestion: comparison with other H2-receptor antagonists. JAMA 1992; 267: 83–86
  • Feely J, Wood A J. Effect of cimetidine on the elimination and actions of ethanol. JAMA 1982; 247: 2819–2821
  • Sharma R, Gentry R T, Lim R, Lieber C S. First pass metabolisim of alcohol: Absence of diurnal variation and its inhibition by cimetidine after an evening meal. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 135
  • Raufman J P, Notar-Francesco V, Raffaniello R D, Straus E W. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists do not alter serum ethanol levels in fed, nonalcoholic men. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 488–494
  • Paronetto F. Immunologic reactions in alcoholic liver disease. Sem Liver Dis 1993; 13: 183–195
  • Spinozzi F, Bertotto A, Rondoni F, Gerli R, Scalise F, Grignani F. T-lymphocyte activation pathways in alcoholic liver disease. Immunology 1991; 73: 140–146
  • Müller C, Wolf H, Gottlicher J, Eibl M M. Helper-inducer and suppressor-inducer lymphocyte subsets in alcoholic cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterology 1991; 26: 295–301
  • Chedid A, Mendenhall C S, Moritz T E, et al. Cell-mediated hepatic injury in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 254–266
  • Nanji A A, Khettry U, Sadradeh S MH, Yamanaka T. Severity of liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease: Correlation with plasma endotoxin, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and thromboxane B2. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 367–373
  • Shibayama Y, Asaka S, Nakata K. Endotoxin hepatotoxicity augmented by ethanol. Exp Mol Pathol 1991; 55: 196–202
  • Khoruts A, Stahnke L, McClain C J, Logan G, Allen J I. Circulating tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations in chronic alcoholic patients. Hepatology 1991; 13: 267–276
  • Sheron N, Bird G, Goka J, Alexander G, Williams R. Elevated plasma interleukin-6 and increased severity and mortality in alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84: 449–453
  • McClain C, Hill D, Schmidt J, Diehl A M. Cytokines and alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13: 170–182
  • Pares X, Barrera J M, Caballeria J, Ercilla G, Bruguera M, Caballeria L, Castillo R, Rodes J. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic alcoholic patients: association with severity of liver injury. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1295–1299
  • Rosman A S, Paronetto F, Galvin K, Williams R J, Lieber C S. Hepatitis C virus antibody in alcoholic patients: Association with the presence of portal and/or lobular hepatitis. Arch Int Med 1993; 153: 965–969
  • Perlow W, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Symptomatic intestinal disaccharidase deficiency in alcoholics. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 680–684
  • Best C H, Hartroft W S, Lucas C C, Ridout J H. Liver damage produced by feeding alcohol or sugar and its prevention by choline. Br Med J 1949; 2: 1001–1006
  • Lieber C S, Jones D P, DeCarli L M. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: production of fatty liver despite adequate diets. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 1009–1021
  • Lieber C S, Jones D P, Mendelson J, DeCarli L M. Fatty liver, hyperlipemia and hyperuricemia produced by prolonged alcohol consumption, despite adequate dietary intake. Trans Assoc Am Phys 1963; 76: 289–300
  • DeCarli L M, Lieber C S. Fatty liver in the rat after prolonged intake of ethanol with a nutritionally adequate new liquid diet. J Nutr 1967; 91: 331–336
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. An experimental model of alcohol feeding and liver injury in the baboon. J Med Primatol 1974; 3: 153–163
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M, Gang H, Walker G, Rubin E. Hepatic effects of long term ethanol consumption in primates. Medical Primatology,Part 111, E l Goldsmith, J MoorJankowski. Karger, Basel 1972; 270–278
  • Lieber C S, Rubin E. Alcoholic fatty liver in man on a high protein and low fat diet. Am J Med 1968; 44: 200–206
  • Lieber C S, Spritz N, DeCarli L M. Fatty liver produced by dietary deficiencies: its pathogenesis and potentiation by ethanol. J Lipid Res 1969; 10: 283–287
  • Finkelstein J D, Martin J J. Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 1582–1587
  • Hardwick D F, Applegarth D A, Cockcroft D M, Ross P M, Cder R J. Pathogenesis of methionine-induced toxicity. Metab Clin Exp 1970; 19: 381–391
  • Iob V, Coon W W, Sloan W. Free amino acids in liver, plasma and muscle of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Surg Res 1967; 7: 41–43
  • Iber F L, Rosen H, Stanley M A, Levenson S M, Chalmers T C. The plasma amino acids in patients with liver failure. J Lab Clin Med 1957; 50: 417–425
  • Fischer J E, Yoshimura N, Aguirre A, et al. Plasma amino acids in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Surg 1974; 127: 40–47
  • Montanari A, Simoni I, Vallisa D, et al. Free amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1034–1039
  • Kinsell L, Harper H A, Barton H C, et al. Rate of disappearance from plasma of intravenously administered methionine in patients with liver damage. Science 1947; 106: 589–594
  • Horowitz J H, Rypins E B, Henderson J M, et al. Evidence for impairment of transsulfaration pathway in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 668–675
  • Lieber C S, Spritz N, DeCarli L M. Role of dietary, adipose and endogenously synthesized fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 51–62
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. Quantitative relationship between amount of dietary fat and severity of alcoholic fatty liver. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23: 474–478
  • Lieber C S, DeCarli L M. Study of agents for the prevention of the fatty liver produced by prolonged alcohol intake. Gastroenterology 1966; 50: 316–322
  • Lieber C S, Lefevre A, Spritz N, Feinman L, DeCarli L M. Difference in hepatic metabolism of long- and medium-chain fatty acids: the role of fatty acid chain length in the production of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1967; 46: 1451–1460
  • Lieber C S, Spritz N. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake in man: Role of dietary, adipose, and endogenously synthesized fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 1400–1411
  • Wilson J S, Korsten M A, Lieber C S. The combined effects of protein deficiency and chronic ethanol administration on rat ethanol metabolism. Hepatology 1986; 6: 823–829
  • Adibi S A, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Effects of ethanol on amino acid and protein metabolism. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism. Mechanisms and Management, C S Lieber. Plenum Press, New York 1992; 127–163
  • Nasrallah S M, Galambos J T. Amino acid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Lancet 1980; 2: 1276–1277
  • Achord J L. A prospective randomized clinical trial of peripheral amino acid-glucose supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 871–877
  • Mezey E, Caballeria J, Mitchell M C, Pares A, Herlong H F, Rodes J. Effect of parenteral amino acid supplementation on short-term and long-term outcomes in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1991; 14: 1090–1096
  • Simon D, Galambos J T. A randomized controlled study of peripheral parenteral nutrition in moderate and severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1988; 7: 200–207
  • Antonow D R, McClain C J. Nutritional support in alcoholic liver disease. JPEN 1985; 9: 566–567
  • McCullough A J, Mullen K D, Smanik E J, Tabbaa M, Szauter K. Nutritional therapy and liver disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1989; 18: 619–643
  • Derr R F, Porta E A, Larkin E C, Rao G A. Is ethanol per se hepatotoxic?. J Hepatol 1990; 10: 381–386
  • Lieber C S. Herman Award Lecture, 1993, A personal perspective on alcohol, nutrition and the liver. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 430–442
  • Lieber C S. Alcoholic liver disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 1994, In press
  • Lieber C S. Alcoholic liver disease. G I Pharmacology and Therapeutics, R McCallum, G Friedman. Raven Press. 1994, In press

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.