Fentanyl: A Review for Clinical and Analytical Toxicologists

References

• Jaffe J. H., Martin W. R. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics7th Ed., A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rail, F. Murad. MacMillian, New York 1985; 517
   Google Scholar
• Physicians Desk Reference48th ed. Medical Economics Data Production Company, Montvale 1994; 1092–1093
   Google Scholar
• Marshall B. E., Wollman H. General anesthetics. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics7th ed., A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rail, F. Murad. MacMillian, New York 1985; 276–301
   Google Scholar
• McClain D. A., Hug C C, Jr. Intravenous fentanyl kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Therap 1980; 28: 106–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess P., Steibler G., Herz A. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in man and rabbit. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1972; 4: 137–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather L. E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 422–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower S., Hull C. J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 1982; 54: 871–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower S. The uptake of fentanyl by erythrocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982; 34: 181–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung D. L., Eisele J. H. Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in awake volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 20: 652–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovill J. G., Sebel P. S. Pharmacokinetics of high‐dose fentanyl. A study in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52: 795–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeckel H., Hengstmann J. H., Schuttler J. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as a possible explanation for recurrence of respiratory depression. Br J Anaesth 1979; 51: 741–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren G., Goresky G., Crean P., Klein J., MacLeod S. M. Pediatric fentanyl dosing based on pharmacokinetics during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 577–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright P., Prys‐Roberts C., Gill K., Dye A., Stafford M., Gray A. Ventilatory depression related to plasma fentanyl concentrations during and after anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 1983; 62: 966–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson G. L. The fentanyl. Service Training and Education. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 1990; Vol 12: 7–14
   Google Scholar
• Kumar K., Morgan D. J. Determination of fentanyl and alfentanil in plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chroma‐togr 1987; 419: 464–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calis K. A., Kohler D. R., Corso D. M. Transdermal administered fentanyl for pain management. Clin Pharm 1992; 11: 22–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones D. B., et al. Two unusual deaths associated with the fentanyl transdermal drug delivery system. 45th Ann. Meeting American Academy Forensic Sciences Program. Boston, MA 1993; 169
   Google Scholar
• Marquardt K. A., Tharratt R. S. Inhalation abuse of fentanyl patch. J Toxical Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 75–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streisand J. B., Varvel J. R., Stanski D. R., et al. Absorption and bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 223–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley T. H., Hague B., Mock D. L., et al. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (lollipop) premedication in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 21–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays L. R., Stillner V., Littrell R. Fentanyl dependence associated with oral ingestion. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 819–820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen P. A. The development of synthetic narcotics. Opiates in Anesthesia, F. G. Estafanous. Butterworth Publishers, Boston 1985; 37–44
   Google Scholar
• Drugs of Abuse, Part IHn. Medical Toxicology Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, M. J. Ellenhorn, D. G. Barceloux. Elsevier, New York 1988; 744–746
   Google Scholar
• LaBarbera M., Wolfe T. Characteristics, attitudes and implications of fentanyl use based on reports from self‐identified fentanyl users. J Psychoactive Drugs 1983; 15: 293–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silsby H. D., Kruzich D. J., Hawkins M. R. Fentanyl citrate abuse among health care professionals. Mil Med 1984; 149: 227–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C. F., Ward G. C., Saidman L. J. Drug abuse in anesthesia training programs. A survey: 1970 through 1980. JAMA 1983; 250: 922–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garriott J. C., Rodriguez R., DiMaio V. J. A death from fentanyl overdose. J Anal Toxicol 1984; 8: 288–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pare E. M., Monforte J. R., Gault R., Mirchandani H. A death involving fentanyl. J Anal Toxicol 1987; 11: 272–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matejczyk R. J. Fentanyl related overdose. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12: 236–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson G. L. Designer drugs: past history and future prospects. J Forensic Sci 1988; 33: 569–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum R. Designer drugs: Underground chemists play a deadly trade. Chem Eng News 1985; 9: 7–16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson G. L. Blood concentrations of fentanyl and its analogs in overdose victims. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1983; 26: 287–290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hibbs J., Perper J., Winek C. An outbreak of designer drug‐related deaths in Pennsylvania. JAMA 1991; 265: 1011–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts V. W., Caplan Y. H. Analytical methods for fentanyl, its derivatives, and their normetabolites in biological specimens. Advances in Analytical Toxicology, R. C. Baselt. Year Book Medical Publishers, Boca Raton 1989; Vol 2: 263–297
   Google Scholar
• Goromaru T., Matsuura H., Yoshimura N. Identification and quantitative determination of fentanyl metabolites in patients by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: 73–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama Y., Hosoya E. Studies on the fate of fentanyl. Keio J Med 1969; 18: 59–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillespie T. J., Gandolfi A. J., Davis T. P., Morano R. A. Identification and quantification of alpha‐methyl‐fentanyl in post‐mortem specimens. J Anal Toxicol 1982; 6: 139–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselt R. C., Cravey R. N. Disposition of Toxic Drug and Chemicals in Man4th ed. Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, CA 1995; 319–322
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz J. G., Garriott J. C., Somerset J. S. Measurements of fentanyl and sufentanil in blood and urine after surgical application. Implications in detection of abuse. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1994; 15: 236–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson G. L. Fentanyl‐related deaths: demographics, circumstances and toxicology of 112 cases. J Forensic Sci 1991; 36: 422–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smialek J. E., Levine B., Chin L., Wu S. C., Jenkins A. J. A fentanyl epidemic in Maryland 1992. J Forensic Sci 1994; 39: 159–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleimer R., Benjamini E., Eisele J., Henderson G. Radioimmunoassay of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in man. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1976; 19: 237–238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods W. E., Tai H. H., Tai C, et al. High sensitivity radioimmunoassay screening method for fentanyl. Am J Vet Res 1986; 10: 2180–2183
   Google Scholar
• Ruangyuttikarn W., Law M. Y., Rollins D. E., Moody D. E. Detection of fentanyl and its analogs by enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay. J Anal Toxicol 1990; 14: 160–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alburges M. E., Hanson G. R., Gibb J. W., Sakashita C. O., Rollins D. E. Fentanyl receptor assay, 1. Development of a radioreceptor assay for fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in urine. J Anal Toxicol 1991; 15: 311–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts V. W., Caplan Y. H. Evaluation of the Coat‐A‐Count 1251 Fentanyl RIA: Comparison of 1251 RIA and GC/MS‐SIM for quantification of fentanyl in case urine specimens. J Anal Toxicol 1990; 14: 266–272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie T. J., Gandolfi A. J., Maiorino R. M., Vaughan R. W. Gas chromatographic determination of fentanyl and its analogs in human plasma. J Anal Toxicol 1981; 5: 133–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S. N., Wang T. P., Caprioli K. M., Mo B. P. Determination of plasma fentanyl by GC‐mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70: 1276–1279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon S. T., Gillespie T. J., Gandolf A. J. Fentanyl and its analogs by gas chromatography with a thermionic‐specific detector. Methodology for Analytical Toxicology, I. Sunshine. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1985; Vol III: 89–93
   Google Scholar
• Phipps J. A., Sabourin M. A., Buckingham W., Strunin L. Detection of picogram concentrations of fentanyl in plasma by gas‐liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1983; 272: 392–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferslew K. E., Hagardorn A. N., McCormick W. F. Postmortem determination of the biological distribution of sufentanil and midazolam after an acute intoxication. J Forensic Sci 1989; 43: 249–257
   Google Scholar
• Woestenborghs R., Michielsen L., Heykants J. Rapid and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of alfentanil and sufentanil in biological samples. J Chromatogr 1981; 224: 122–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammargren W. R., Henderson G. L. Analyzing normetabolites of the fentanyls by gas chroma‐tography/electron capture detection. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12: 183–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts V., Caplan Y. Determination of fentanyl in whole blood at subnanogram concentrations by dual capillary column chromatograph with nitrogen‐sensitive detectors, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12: 246–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo F., et al. Bonded phase extraction of fentanyls in biological fluids. Worldwide Monitoring, Horsham, PA, Monograph
   Google Scholar
• Van Rooy H. H., Vermeulen M. P., Bovill J. G. The assay of fentanyl and its metabolites in plasma of patients using gas chromatography with alkali flame ionization detection and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1981; 223: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore J. M., Allen A. C., Cooper D. A. Determination of fentanyl and related compounds by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Anal Chem 1986; 58: 165–1660
   Google Scholar
• Weldon S. T., Perry D. F., Cork R. C., Gandolfi A. J. Detection of picogram levels of sufentanyl by capillary gas chromatography. Anesthesiology 1985; 63: 684–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M. T., et al. Structural information from tandem mass spectrometry for China White and related fentanyl derivatives. Anal Chem 1982; 54: 2204–2207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper D., Jacob M., Allen A. Identification of fentanyl derivatives. J Forensic Sci 1986; 31: 511–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie I. S., Allen A. C., Issag J. H. Re versed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic separation of fentanyl homologues and analogues. 1. An optimized isocratic chromatographic system utilizing absorbance rationing. J Liq Chromatog 1984; 7: 463–473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Final Critique. Toxicology Survey. Set T‐B, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois 1994; 3
   Google Scholar