References
- Bresnitz E. Simple Asphyxiants and Pulmonary Irritants. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Principles., L R Goldfrank. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT 1994; 1183
- Gunn J A. The action of chlorine, etc., on the bronchi. Report to the chemical warfare committee. Quart J Med 1920; 13: 121
- Henderson J, Haggard H. Noxious Gases. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York 1942; 97–112
- Rorison D G, McPherson S J. Acute toxic inhalations. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1992; 10: 409–435
- Thienes C H, Haley T J. Clinical Toxicology, 3th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1955; 255
- Anonymous. Chlorine poisoning. Lancet 1984; 1: 321–322
- Colardyn F, Van Der Straeten M, Tasson J, Van Egmond J. Acute chlorine gas intoxication. Acta Clin Belg 1976; 31: 70–77
- Mrvos R, Dean B S, Krenzelok E P. Home exposures to chlorine/chloramine gas: Review of 216 cases. South Med J 1993; 86: 654–657
- Deschamps D, Soler P, Rosenberg N, Baud F, Gervais P. Persistent asthma after inhalation of a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Chest 1994; 105: 1895–1896
- Gapany-Gapanavicius M, Yellin A, Almog S, Tirosh M. Pneumomediastinum. A complication of chlorine exposure from mixing household cleaning agents. JAMA 1982; 248: 349–350
- Noe J T. Therapy for chlorine gas inhalation. Industr Med Surg 1963; 32: 411–414
- CDC. Chlorine gas toxicity from mixture of bleach with other cleaning products—California. JAMA 1991; 266: 2529–2534
- Vinsel P J. Treatment of acute chlorine gas inhalation with nebulized sodium bicarbonate. J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 327–329
- Decker W J. Chlorine poisoning at the swimming pool revisited: Anatomy of two minidisasters. Vet Hum Toxicol 1988; 30: 584–585
- Martinez T T, Long C. Explosion risk from swimming pool chlorinators and review of chlorine toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995; 33: 349–354
- Decker W J, Koch H F. Chlorine poisoning at the swimming pool: An overlooked hazard. Clin Toxicol 1978; 13: 377–381
- McNulty M J, Chang J C, Barrow C S, Casanova-Schmitz M, Heck H D. Sulfhydryl oxidation in rat nasal mucosal tissues after chlorine inhalation. Toxicol Lett 1983; 17: 241–246
- Wolf D C, Morgan K T, Gross E A, et al. Two-year inhalation exposure of female and male B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats to chlorine gas induces lesions confined to the nose. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 24: 111–131
- Barrow C S, Alarie Y, Warrick J C, Stock M F. Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and hydrogen chloride. Arch Environ Health 1977; 32: 68–76
- Schraufstatter I U, Browne K, Harris A, et al. Mechanisms of hypochlorite injury of target cells. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 554–562
- Chester E H, Kaimal J, Payne C B, Jr, Kohn P M. Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Possible beneficial effects of steroid treatment. Chest 1977; 72: 247–250
- Adelson L, Kaufman J. Fatal chlorine poisoning: Report of two cases with clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 56: 430–442
- Fleta J, Calvo C, Zuniga J, Castellano M, Bueno M. Intoxication of 76 children by chlorine gas. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5: 99–100
- Beach F X, Jones E S, Scarrow G D. Respiratory effects of chlorine gas. Br J Ind Med 1969; 26: 231–236
- Heidemann S M, Goetting M G. Treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by chlorine exposure. Pediatr Emerg Care 1991; 7: 87–88
- Wood B R, Colombo J L, Benson B E. Chlorine inhalation toxicity from vapors generated by swimming pool chlorinator tablets. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 427–430
- Schaefer E. Immediate effects of the inhalation of chlorine gas. Br Med J 1915; 2: 245
- Schultz W H, Hunt H R. Some pathological phenomena following inhalation of chlorine gas. J Pharmacol 1918; 11: 181
- Demnati R, Fraser R, Plaa G, Malo J L. Histopathological effects of acute exposure to chlorine gas on Sprague-Dawley rat lungs. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1995; 14: 15–19
- Winternitz M C. Collected Studies on the Pathology of War Gas Poisoning. Yale University Press, New Haven 1920; 3
- Chisolm C D, Reilly J, Berejan B. Carboxyhemoglobin levels in patients with headache. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 16: 197
- Babin R, Benelli C, Rougier G. Failure of cortisone to alleviate pulmonary edema caused by chlorine. Rev Pathol Gen Et Comparee 1953; 53: 943–947
- Dixon W M, Drew D. Fatal chlorine poisoning. J Occup Med 1968; 10: 249–251
- Klotz O. Acute death from chlorine poisoning. J Lab Clin Med 1917; 2: 889
- Barret L, Faure J. Chlorine poisoning. Lancet 1984; 1: 561–562
- Ploysongsang Y, Beach B C, DiLisio R E. Pulmonary function changes after acute inhalation of chlorine gas. South Med J 1982; 75: 23–26
- Hasan F M, Gehshan A, Fuleihan F J. Resolution of pulmonary dysfunction following acute chlorine exposure. Arch Environ Health 1983; 38: 76–80
- Abhyankar A, Bhambure N, Kamath N N, et al. Six month follow-up of fourteen victims with short-term exposure to chlorine gas. J Soc Occup Med 1989; 39: 131–132
- Weill H, George R, Schwarz M, Ziskind M. Late evaluation of pulmonary function after acute exposure to chlorine gas. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 374–379
- Kowitz T A, Reba R C, Parker R T, Spicer W S, Jr. Effects of chlorine gas upon respiratory function. Arch Environ Health 1967; 14: 545–558
- Kaufman J, Burkons D. Clinical, roentgenologic, and physiologic effects of acute chlorine exposure. Arch Environ Health 1971; 23: 29–34
- Schwartz D A, Smith D D, Lakshminarayan S. The pulmonary sequelae associated with accidental inhalation of chlorine gas. Chest 1990; 97: 820–825
- Bherer L, Cushman R, Courteau J P, et al. Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill. II. Follow up of affected workers by questionnaire, spirometry, and assessment of bronchial responsiveness 18 to 24 months after exposure ended. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51: 225–228
- Hedges J R, Morrissey W L. Acute chlorine gas exposure. JACEP 1979; 8: 59–63
- Kennedy S M, Enarson D A, Janssen R G, Chan-Yeung M. Lung health consequences of reported accidental chlorine gas exposures among pulpmill workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 74–79
- Malo J L, Cartier A, Boulet L P, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can improve while spirometry plateaus two to three years after repeated exposure to chlorine causing respiratory symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1142–1145
- Moulick N D, Banavali S, Abhyankar A D, et al. Acute accidental exposure to chlorine fumes—A study of 82 cases. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1992; 34: 85–89
- Ramachandran K A, Chawla I S, Khokhar P. Acute chlorine poisoning. A study of 84 cases. J Assoc Physicians India 1990; 38: 489–490
- OSHA. Division of Labor, Philadelphia, PA September 21, 1997
- Von Oettingen W F. Poisoning: A Guide to Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., New York 1952; 304
- Done A K. The toxic emergency—it's a gas. Emerg Med 1976; 7: 305–314
- Hurlbut K, Tong T, Sullivan J B. Pharmacotherapy of hazardous materials toxicity. Hazardous Materials Toxicology: Clinical Principles of Environmental Health., J B Sullivan, G R Krieger. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1992; 405–414
- Bosse G M. Nebulized sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of chlorine gas inhalation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 233–241
- Hardy G C, Barach A L. Positive pressure respiration in the treatment of irritant pulmonary edema due to chlorine gas poisoning. JAMA 1945; 128: 359
- Underhill F P. Poisoning with lethal war gases. JAMA 1919; 73: 686