References
- Verstraete M. Pharmacotherapeutic aspects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins. Drugs 1990;40:498–530
- Schindewolf M, Schwaner S, Wolter M, et al. Incidence and causes of heparin-induced skin lesions. CMAJ 2009;181:477–481
- Hirsh J, Watkentin TE, Shaughnessy SG, et al. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 2001;119:64S–94S
- Freedman MD. Pharmacodynamics, clinical indications, and adverse effects of heparin. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:584–596
- Perrinaud A, Jacobi D, Machet MC, et al. Hemorrhagic dermatosis occurring at sites distant from subcutaneous injections of heparin: three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;2:S5–S7
- Villanueva CA, Nájera L, Espinosa P, Borbujo J. Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis at distant sites: a report of 2 new cases due to enoxaparin injection and a review of the literature. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012;103:816–819
- Alban S. Adverse effects of heparin. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;207:211–263
- Thuillier D, Chaby G, Dadban A, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin-induced bullous haemorrhagic dermatosis associated with cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009;136:705–708
- Choudhry S, Fishman PM, Hernandez C. Heparin-induced bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis. Cutis 2013;91:93–98
- Wutschert R, Piletta P, Bounameaux H. Adverse skin reactions to low molecular weight heparins: frequency, management and prevention. Drug Safety 1999;20:515–525
- Peña ZG, Suszko JW, Morrison LH. Hemorrhagic bullae in a 73-year-old man. Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis related to enoxaparin use. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:871–872
- Schindewolf M, Lindhoff-Last E, Ludwig RJ, Boehncke WH. Heparin-induced skin lesions. Lancet 2012;380:1867–1879
- Gonzales UP, Scott GA, Briones AJ, Pentland AP. Remote hemorrhagic bullae occurring in a patient treated with subcutaneous heparin. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:604–605
- Maldonado Cid P, Moreno Alonso de Celada R, Herranz Pinto P, et al. Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis at sites distant from subcutaneous injections of heparin: a report of 5 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:e220–e222
- Roux J, Duong TA, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, et al. Heparin-induced hemorrhagic blisters. Eur J Dermatol 2013;23:105–107
- Beltraminelli H, Itin P, Cerroni L. Intraepidermal bullous haemorrhage during anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin; two cases. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:191–193