59
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure for Aflatoxin and Trichothecenes

, &
Pages 95-120 | Published online: 28 Sep 2008

References

  • Sargeant K., Sheridan A., O'Kelly J., Carnaghan R.B.A. Toxicity Associated with Certain Samples of Groundnuts. Nature 1961; 192: 1096
  • Cole R.J. Etilolgy of Turkey “X” Disease in Retrospect: A Case for the Involvement of Cylcopiazonic Acid. Mycotoxin Res. 1986; 2: 3
  • Keen P., Martin P. Is Aflatoxin Carcinogenic in Man? The Evidence in Swaziland. Trop. geogr. Med. 1971; 23: 44
  • Oettlé A.G. Cancer in Africa, Especially in Regions South of the Sahara. J. Natn. Cancer Inst. 1964; 33: 383
  • Burg W.R., Shotwell O.L., Saltzman B.E. Measurements of Airborne Aflatoxins During the Handling of 1979 Contaminated Corn. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1982; 43: 580
  • Zennie T.M. Identification of Aflatoxin B1 in Grain Elevator Dusts in Central Illinois. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1984; 13: 589
  • Hayes R.B., van Nieuwenhuize J.P., Raatgever ten J.W., Kate F.J.W. Aflatoxin Exposures in the Industrial Setting: an Epidemiological Study of Mortality. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 1984; 22: 39
  • Purchase I.F.H., Steyn M. Absence of Percutaneous Absorption of Aflatoxin. Toxicol. appl. Pharmac. 1973; 24: 162
  • Wei R.-D., Liu G.X., Lee S.S. Uptake of Aflatoxin B1 by the Skin of Rats. Experientia 1970; 26: 82
  • Ungar J., Joffe A.Z. Acute Liver Lesions Resulting from Percutaneous Absorption of Aflatoxins. Path. Microbiol. 1969; 33: 65
  • Joffe A.Z. Fusarium Species. Their Biology and Toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1986
  • Watson S.A., Mirocha C.J., Hayes A.W. Analysis for Trichothecenes in Samples from Southeast Asia associated with 'Yellow Rain'. Fund. appl. Toxic. 1984; 4: 700
  • Croft W.A., Jarvis B.B., Yatawara C.S. Airborne Outbreak of Trichothecene Toxicosis. Atmos. Environ. 1986; 20: 549
  • Brian P.W., McGowan J.C. Biologically Active Metabolic Products of the Mold Metarrhizium glutinosum S. Pope. Nature, Lond. 1946; 157: 334
  • Mortimer P.H., Campbell di J., Menna M.E., White E.P. Experimental Myrotheciotoxicosis and Poisoning in Ruminants by Verrucarin A and Roridin A. Res. Vet. Sci. 1971; 12: 508
  • Wannemacher R.W., Jr., Bunner D.L., Pace J.G., Dinterman R.E. Efficacy of a Nonocclusive Barrier Model to Study Toxin Pharmacokinetics after Dermal Exposure. Toxicologist 1986; 6: 245
  • Hayes M.A., Schiefer H.B. Quantitative and Morphological Aspects of Cutaneous Irritation by Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. 1979; 17: 611
  • Wei R.-D., Smalley E.B., Strong F.M. Improved Skin Test for Detection of T-2 Toxin. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 23: 1029
  • Chung C.W., Trucksess M.W., Giles A.L., Jr., Friedman L. Rabbit Skin Test for Estimation of T-2 Toxin and Other Skin-Irritating Toxins in Contaminated Corn. J.O.A.C. 1974; 57: 1121
  • Schiefer H.B., Hancock D.S. Systemic Effects of Topical Application of T-2 Toxin in Mice. Toxic, appl. Pharmac. 1984; 76: 464
  • Wannemacher R.W., Jr., Bunner D.L., Dinterman R.E. The Relationship between Concentration and Exposed Area on Absorption and Excretion of T-2 Mycotoxin through Rabbit Skin. Fed. Proceed. 1986; 45: 575
  • Pang V.F., Felsburg P.J., Beasley V.R., Buck W.B., Hascek W.M. The Toxicity of T-2 Toxin in Swine Following Topical Application. Fundam. appl. Toxic. 1987; 9: 50
  • Pace J.G., Canterbury W.J., Matson C. Fate and Distribution of [3H]T-2 Toxin in Topically Exposed Guinea Pigs. Toxicologist 1986; 6: 246
  • Llewellyn G.C. Toxic Responses in Gerbils Treated Topically with Aflatoxin B1 and Dimethylformamide. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol 1978; 19: 747
  • Guy R.H., Hadgraft J. Percutaneous Absorption. Mechanism-Methodology-Drug Delivery, R.L. Bronaugh, H.I. Maibach. 3, Marcel Dekker, New York 1985
  • Riley R.T., Kemppainen B.W. Percutaneous Absorption: Mechanisms-Methodology-Drug Delivery, R.L. Bronaugh, H.I. Maibach. Marcel Dekker, New York 1985; 387
  • Kemppainen B.W., Riley Biles- R.T., Thurlow S. Comparison of Penetration and Metabolism of [3H]Diacetoxyscripenol, [3H] Verrucarin A and [3H]T-2 Toxin in Skin. Fd. Chem. Tox. 1987; 25: 379
  • Riley R.T., Kemppainen B.W., Norred W.P. Penetration of Aflatoxins Through Isolated Human Epidermis. J. Toxic. Envir. Hlth. 1985; 15: 769
  • Kemppainen B.W., Riley R.T., Pace J.G., Hoerr F.J. The Effects of Skin Storage Conditions and Concentration of Applied Dose on [3H]T-2 Toxin Penetration Through Excised Human and Monkey Skin. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 1986; 24: 221
  • Kemppainen B.W., Riley R.T., Pace J.G. Penetration of [3H]T-2 Toxin Through Excised Human and Guinea Pig Skin During Exposure to [3H]T-2 Toxin Adsorbed to Corn Dust. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 1984; 22: 893
  • Franz T.J. Percutaneous Absorption. On the Relevance of In Vitro Data. J. invest. Derm 1975; 64: 190
  • Kemppainen B.W., Riley R.T., Joyave J.L., Hoerr F.J. In Vitro Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of [3H] T-2 Toxin: Comparison of Human, Rabbit, Guinea Pig and Rat. Toxicon 1987; 25: 185
  • Scheuplein R.J., Ross L.W. Mechanism of Percutaneous Absorption. V. Percutaneous Absorption of Solvent Deposited Solids. J. Invest. Derm. 1974; 62: 353
  • Hawkins G.S., Jr., Reifenrath W.G. Development of an In Vitro Model for Determining the Fate of Chemicals Applied to Skin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4: S133
  • Stoughton R.B., Fritsch W. Influence of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Arch. Derm. 1964; 90: 512
  • Grasso P., Lansdown A.B.G. Methods of Measuring, and Factors Affecting, Percutaneous Absorption. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1972; 23: 481
  • Bronaugh R.L., Stewart R.F. Methods for In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Studies: Hydrophobic Compounds. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984; 73: 1255
  • Maxwell S.A., Brown R.F.R., Upshall D.P. The In Vitro Penetration and Distribution of T-2 Toxin Through Human Skin. Toxicology 1986; 40: 59
  • Vickers C.F.H. Percutaneous Absorption of Steroids, P. Mauvais-Jarvis, C.F.H. Vickers, J. Wepierre. Academic, New York 1980; 19
  • Holland J.M., Kao J.Y., Whitaker M.J. A Multisample Apparatus for Kinetic Evaluation of Skin Penetration In Vitro: the Influence of Viability and Metabolic Status of the Skin. Toxic. appl. Pharmac. 1984; 72: 272
  • Kao J., Patterson F.K., Hall J. Skin Penetration and Metabolism of Topically Applied Chemicals in Six Mammalian Species, Including Man: an In Vitro Study with Benzo(a)pyrene and Testosterone. Toxic. appl. Pharmac. 1985; 81: 502
  • Kemppainen B.W., Riley R.T., Pace J.G., Hoerr F.J., Joyave J. Evaluation of Monkey Skin as a Model for In Vitro Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of [3H]T-2 Toxin in Human Skin. Fund. appl. Toxic. 1986; 7: 367
  • Bata A., Vanyi A and, Sandor G.S. Metabolization of Trichothecene Toxins (T-2 Toxin and Diacetoxyscirpenol) in Embryonated Hen's Egg. Acta Vet. Hung. 1983; 31: 189
  • Cole R.J., Dorner J.W., Cox R.H., Cunfer B.M., Cutler H.G., Stuart B.P. The Isolation and Identification of Several Trichothecene Mycotoxins from Fusarium heterosporum. J. Nat. Prod. 1981; 44: 324
  • Lodén M. The In Vitro Hydrolysis of Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate During Penetration Through Human Full-Thickness Skin and Isolated Epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1985; 85: 335
  • Decad G.M., Hsieh D.P.H., Byard J.L. Maintenance of Cytochrome P-450 and Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Primary Hepatocyte Cultures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977; 78: 279
  • Neal G.E., Colley P.J. Some High Performance Liquid-Chromatographic Studies of the Metabolism of Aflatoxins by Rat Liver Microsomal Preparations. Biochem. J. 1978; 174: 839
  • Akin F.J., Norred W.P. Factors Affecting Measurement of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Activity in Mouse Skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1976; 67: 709
  • Bickers D.R., Kappas A., Alvares A.P. Differences in Inducibility of Cutaneous and Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Cytochrome P-450 by Polychlorinated Biphenyls and 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-Bis (p-Chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1974; 188: 300
  • Bickers D.R., Eiseman J., Kappas A., Alvares A.P. Microscope Immersion Oils: Effects of Skin Application on Cutaneous and Hepatic Drug - Metabolizing Enzymes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1975; 24: 779
  • Pohl R.J., Philpot R.M., Fouts J.R. Cytochrome P-450 Content and Mixed Function Oxidase Activity in Microsomes Isolated from Mouse Skin. Drug. Metab. Dist. 1976; 4: 442
  • Kao J., Hall J., Shugart L.R., Holland J.M. An In Vitro Approach to Studying Cutaneous Metabolism and Disposition of Topically Applied Xenobiotics. Toxic. appl. Pharmac. 1984; 75: 289
  • Kemppainen B.W., Pace J.G., Riley R.T. Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of T-2 Toxin in Guinea Pigs. Toxicon 1987; 25: 1153
  • Marzulli F.N., Brown D.W.C., Maibach H.I. Techniques for Studying Skin Penetration. Toxicol. appl. Pharmac., Suppl. 1969; 3: 76
  • Schiefer H.B., Hancock D.S., Bhatti A.R. Systemic Effects of Topically Applied Trichothecenes I. Comparative Study of Various Trichothecenes in Mice. J. Vet. Med. A. 1986; 33: 373
  • Ueno Y. Toxicological Features of T-2 Toxin and Related Trichothecenes. Fund. appl. Toxic. 1984; 4: S124
  • Bamburg J.R., Marasas W.F., Riggs N.V., Smalley E.B., Strong F.M. Toxic Spiroepoxy Compounds from Fusaria and Other Hyphomycetes. Biotechnol. Bioengng. 1968; 10: 445
  • Sato N., Ueno Y. Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, J.V. Rodricks, C.V. Hesseltine, M.A. Mehlman. Pathotox, Park Forest South, IL 1977; 295
  • Abbas H.K., Mirocha C.J., Shier W.T. Mycotoxins Produced from Fungi Isolated from Foodstuffs and Soil: Comparison of Toxicity in Fibroblasts and Rat Feeding Tests. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 48: 654
  • Guy R.H., Maibach H.I. Correction Factors for Determining Body Exposure from Forearm Percutaneous Absorption Data. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4: 26
  • Vesonder R.F. Trichothecenes- Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological Aspects, Y. Ueno. Elsevier, New York 1983; 210
  • Brown H.S., Bishop D.R., Rowan C.A. The Role of Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Drinking Water. Am. J. Public Health 1984; 74: 479
  • Thigpen J.T., Vaughn C., Stuckey W.J. Phase II Trial of Anguidine in Patients with Sarcomas Unresponsive to Prior Chemotherapy: A Southwest Oncology Group Study. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1981; 65: 881
  • Jagadeesan J., Rukmini C., Vijayaraghavan M., Tulpule P.G. Immune Studies with T-2 Toxin: Effect of Feeding and Withdrawal in Monkeys. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 1982; 20: 83
  • Thompson W.L., Wannemacher R.W., Jr. Detection and Quantitation of T-2 Mycotoxin with a Simplified Protein Synthesis Inhibition Assay. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1984; 48: 1176
  • Castegnaro M., Friesen M., Michelon J., Walker E.A. Problems Related to Use of Sodium Hypochlorite in Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1981; 42: 398
  • Bunner B.L., Wannemacher R.W., Jr., Boobar L.R., Dinterman R.E., Broski F.H. (1987) Chemical/Toxin Dermal Decontamination Equipment using Soap and Water Spray. Proceedings, 6th Medical Chemical Defence Bioscience Review. 1987. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Columbia, MD
  • Vidal D., Creach O., Genton A., Beaudry Y., Fontages R. Destruction and Cutaneous Decontamination of Diacetoxyscirpenol (a Trichothecene Mycotoxin) by Sodium Hypochlorite. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 1985; 301: 183
  • Wester R.C., Noonan P.K., Maibach H.I. Frequency of Application of Percutaneous Absorption of Hydrocortisone. Arch. Dermatol. 1977; 113: 620
  • Wester R.C., Maibach H.I. Cutaneous Toxicity, V. Drill, P. Lazar. Raven, New York 1984; 29
  • Joffe A.Z., Ungar M.D. Cutaneous Lesions Produced by Topical Application of Aflatoxin to Rabbit Skin. J. invest. Dermatol. 1969; 52: 504

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.