779
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Potential antipsychotic properties of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists

, & , MD
Pages 208-219 | Received 10 Dec 2007, Accepted 09 Jan 2008, Published online: 10 Mar 2010

References

  • Alonso R, Voutsinos B, Fournier M, et al. Blockade of cannabinoid receptors by SR 141716 selectively increases Fos expression in rat mesocorticolimbic areas via reduced dopamine D2 function. Neuroscience 1999; 91: 607–620
  • Auclair N, Otani S, Soubrie P, Crepel F. Cannabinoids modulate synaptic strength and plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. J Neurophysiol 2000; 83: 3287–3293
  • Azad SC, Eder M, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Zieglgansberger W, Rammes G. Activation of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 decreases glutamate and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the lateral amygdale of the mouse. Learn Memory 2003; 10: 116–128
  • Ballmaier M, Bortolato M, Rizzetti C, et al. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists counteract sensorimotor gating deficits in the phencyclidine model of psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2098–2107
  • Barnes TR, McPhillips MA. Critical analysis and comparison of the side-effect and safety profiles of the new antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1999; 38: 34–43
  • Bisogno T, Hanus L, De Petrocelis L, et al. Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues:effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 845–852
  • Bonnin A, de Miguel R, Castro JG, Raos JA. Effects of perinatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the fetal and early postnatal development of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in rat brain. J Mol Neurosci 1996; 7: 291–308
  • Bornheim LM, Grillo MP. Characterization of cytochrome P450 3A inactivation by cannabidiol:possible involvement of cannabidiol-hydroxyquinone as a P450 inactivator. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11: 1209–1216
  • Bortolato M, Aru GN, Fa M, Frau R, Orru M, Salis P, et al. Activation of D1, but not D2 receptors potentiates dizocilpine-mediated disruption of prepulse inhibition of the startle. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 561–574
  • Bosi DC, Hallak JEC, Dursun SM, Deakin JFW, Zuardi AW. Effects of cannabidiol on (s)-ketamine-induced psychopathology in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2003; 17(Suppl)A55
  • Braff D, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR. Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle:normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology 2001; 156: 234–258
  • Breivogel CS, Griffin G, Di Marzo V, Martin BR. Evidence for a new G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in mouse brain. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60: 155–163
  • Carlsson M, Carlsson A. Schizophrenia: A subcortical neurotransmitter imbalance syndrome?. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 425–432
  • Chen J, Paredes W, Lowinson JH, Gardner EL. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances presynaptic dopamine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmcol 1990; 190: 259–262
  • Chung, YC, Lee, CR, Park, TW, Yang, KH, Kim, KW. 2007. Effect of donepezil added to atypical antipsychotics on cognition in patients with schizophrenia: An open-label trial. World J Biol Psychiatry. July 10, 1–7, Epub ahead of print
  • Collins DR, Pertwee RG, Davies SN. Prevention by the cannabinoid antagonist, SR141716A, of cannabinoid-mediated blockade of long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampal slice. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115: 869–870
  • Cunha JM, Carlini EA, Pereira AE, et al. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology 1980; 21: 175–185
  • Dall'Olio R, Rimondini R, Gandolfi O. The NMDA positive modulator d-cycloserine inhibits dopamine-mediated behaviors in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1994; 33: 55–59
  • Dean B, Sundram S, Bradbury R, Scarr E, Copolov D. Studies on [3H]CP-55940 binding in the human central nervous system: regional specific changes in density of cannabinoid-1 receptors associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use. Neuroscience 2001; 103: 9–15
  • Despres JP, Golay A, Sjöström L. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. New Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2121–2134
  • Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992; 258: 1946–1949
  • Diana M, Melis M, Gessa GL. Increase in meso-prefrontal dopaminergic activity after stimulation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 2825–2830
  • Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1997; 7: 701–707
  • Emrich HM, Leweke FM, Schneider U. Towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia:cognitive impairments due to dysregulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 56: 803–807
  • Farah A. Atypicality of atypical antipsychotics. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 7: 268–274
  • Ferrer B, Gorriti MA, Palomino A, et al. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonism markedly increases dopamine receptor-mediated stereotypies. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559: 180–183
  • Gessa GL, Melis M, Muntoni AL, Diana M. Cannabinoids activate mesolimbic dopamine neurons by an action on cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 341: 39–44
  • Geyer MA, Krebs-Thomson K, Braff DL, Swerdlow NR. Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: a decade in review. Psychopharmacology 2001; 156: 117–154
  • Geyer MA, Markou A. Animal models of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, FE Bloom, DJ Kupfer. Raven Press, New York 1995; 787–798
  • Giuffrida A, Parsons LH, Kerr TM, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Navarro M, Piomelli D. Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signalling in dorsal striatum. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 358–363
  • Giuffrida A, Leweke FM, Gerth CW, et al. Cerebrospinal anandamide levels are elevated in acute schizophrenia and are inversely correlated with psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 2108–2114
  • Goldman-Rakic PS. The cortical dopamine system: role in memory and cognition. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 707–711
  • Goldman-Rakic PS. The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 650–661
  • Graybiel AM, Moratalla R, Robertson HA. Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6912–6916
  • Greenway FL, Caruso MK. Safety of obesity drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005; 4: 1083–1095
  • Guimaraes VMC, Zuardi AW, Del Bel EA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol increases Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Life Sci 2004; 75: 633–638
  • Hall W, Degenhardt L, Teesson M. Cannabis use and psychotic disorders: an update. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004; 23: 433–443
  • Hajos N, Ledent C, Freund TF. Novel cannabinoid-sensitive receptor mediates inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2001; 106: 1–4
  • Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 1932–1936
  • Hernandez ML, Garcia-Gil L, Berrendro F, Ramos JA, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons. J Mol Neurosci 1997; 8: 83–91
  • Hoffman HS, Ison JR. Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input. Psychol Rev 1980; 87: 175–189
  • Jentsch JD, Andrusiak E, Tran A, Bowers MB, Jr, Roth RH. Delta–9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases prefrontal cortical catecholaminergic utilization and impairs spatial working memory in the rat:blockade of dopaminergic effects with HA966. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 426–432
  • Johns A. Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 116–122
  • Juckel G, Roser P, Nadulski T, Stadelmann AM, Gallinat J. Acute effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory evoked mismatch negativity. Schizophr Res 2007; 97: 109–17
  • Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer HY. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 789–796
  • Kapur S, Remington G. Dopamine (D2) receptors and their role in atypical antipsychotic action: still necessary and may even be sufficient. Biol Psychiatry 2001a; 50: 873–883
  • Kapur S, Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics: new directions and new challenges in the treatment of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med 2001b; 52: 503–517
  • Karper LP, Grillon C, Abi-Saab D, Morgan CA III. The effect of ketamine on pre-pulse inhibition and attention. Schizophr Res 1995; 15: 180
  • Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 158–164
  • Knable MB, Weinberger DR. Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 1997; 11: 123–131
  • Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 199–214
  • Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Karper LP, et al. Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and haloperidol in healthy humans. Psychopharmacology 1999; 145: 193–204
  • Lapiz MD, Fulford A, Muchimapura S, Mason R, Parker T, Marsden CA. Influence of postweaning social isolation in the rat on brain development, conditioned behavior, and neurotransmission. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2003; 33: 13–29
  • Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Wurster U, Emrich HM, Piomelli D. Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 1665–1669
  • Leweke FM, Schneider U, Radwan M, Schmidt E, Emrich HM. Different effects of nabilone and cannabidiol on binocular depth inversion in man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66: 175–181
  • Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Klosterkötter J. Cannabis-associated psychosis: current status of research. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 895–910
  • Leweke, FM, Koethe, D, Gerth, CW, , et al. 2005. Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial on cannabidiol vs amisulpride in acute schizophrenia. 2005 Symposium on the CannabinoidsBurlington, Vermont
  • Lichtman AH, Dimen KR, Martin BR. Systemic or intrahippocampal cannabinoid administration impairs spatial memory in rats. Psychopharmacology 1995; 119: 282–290
  • Lichtman AH, Martin BR. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol impairs spatial memory through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism. Psychopharmacology 1996; 126: 125–131
  • Lipska BK, Weinberger DR. To model a psychiatric disorder in animals: schizophrenia as a reality test. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23: 223–239
  • Long LE, Malone DT, Taylor DA. Cannabidiol reverses MK-801-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 795–803
  • Lublin H, Eberhard J, Levander S. Current therapy issues and unmet clinical needs in the treatment of schizophrenia: a review of the new generation antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20: 183–198
  • Ludewig K, Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX. Deficits in prepulse inhibition and habituation in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 121–128
  • Madsen MV, Peacock L, Werge T, Andersen MB. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist CP55,940 and antagonist SR141716A on d-amphetamine-induced behaviours in Cebus monkeys. J Pharmacol 2006; 20: 622–628
  • Malhotra AK, Adler CM, Kennison SD, Elman I, Pickar D, Breier A. Clozapine blunts N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist-induced psychosis: a study with ketamine. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 664–668
  • Mallet PE, Beninger RJ. The endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist anandamide impairs memory in rats. Behav Pharmacol 1996; 7: 276–284
  • Mallet PE, Beninger RJ. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A attenuates the memory impairment produced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or anandamide. Psychopharmacology 1998; 140: 11–19
  • Malone DT, Taylor DA. The effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sensorimotor gating in socially isolated rats. Behav Brain Res 2006; 166: 101–109
  • Malone DT, Long LE, Taylor DA. The effect of SR141716 and apomorphine on sensorimotor gating in Swiss mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 77: 839–845
  • Mansbach RS, Rovetti CC, Winston EN, Lowe JA, III. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A on the behavior of pigeons and rats. Psychopharmacology 1996; 124: 315–322
  • Martin RS, Secchi RL, Sung E, et al. Effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands on psychosis-relevant behavior models in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2003; 165: 128–135
  • Martinez-Arevalo MJ, Calcedo-Ordonez A, Varo-Prieto JR. Cannabis consumption as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 679–681
  • Mato S, Pazos A, Valdizan EM. Cannabinoid receptor antagonism and inverse agonism in response to SR141716A in cAMP production in human and rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 443: 43–46
  • McGuire PK, Jones P, Harvey I, et al. Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophr Res 1994; 13: 161–167
  • Mechoulam R, Gaoni Y. A total synthesis of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active constituent of hashish. J Am Chem Soc 1965; 87: 3273–3275
  • Mechoulam R, Parker LA, Gallily R. Cannabidiol: an overview of some pharmacological aspects. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 11S–19S
  • Meltzer HY. The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17: 263–287
  • Meltzer HY, McGurk SR. The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 233–255
  • Meltzer HY, Arvanitis L, Bauer D, Rein W. Placebo-controlled evaluation of four novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 975–984
  • Misner DL, Sullivan JM. Mechanism of cannabinoid effects on long-term potentiation and depression in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 6795–6805
  • Miyamoto A, Yamamoto T, Ohno M, et al. Roles of dopamine D1 receptors in delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced expression of Fos protein in the rat brain. Brain Res 1996; 710: 234–240
  • Monory K, Tzavara ET, Lexime J, et al. Novel, not adenylyl cyclase coupled cannabinoid binding site in cerebellum of mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292: 231–235
  • Moreira FA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychotomimetics drugs in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 512: 199–205
  • Morgan JI, Curran T. Proto-oncogenes:beyond second messengers. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, FE Bloom, DJ Kupfer. Raven Press, New York 1995; 567–570
  • Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993; 365: 61–5
  • Nadulski T, Pragst F, Weinberg G, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study about the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the pharmacokinetics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after oral application of THC verses standardized cannabis extract. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27: 799–810
  • Nakamura EM, da Silva EA, Concilio GV, Wilkinson DA, Masur J. Reversible effects of acute and long-term administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on memory in the rat. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991; 28: 167–175
  • Olbrich, HM, Valerius, G, Rusch, N, , et al. 2007. Frontolimbic glutamate alterations in first episode schizophrenia: Evidence from a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. World J Biol Psychiatry. April 5, 1–5, Epub ahead of print
  • Patel S, Hillard CJ. Cannabinoid-induced Fos expression within A10 dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 2003; 963: 15–25
  • Petitet F, Jeantaud B, Reibaud M, Imperato A, Dubroeucq MC. Complex pharmacology of natural cannabinoids: evidence for partial agonist activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and antagonist activity of cannabidiol on rat brain cannabinoid receptors. Life Sci 1998; 63: PL1–6
  • Pistis M, Porcu G, Melis M, Diana M, Gessa GL. Effects of cannabinoids on prefrontal neuronal responses to ventral tegmental area stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14: 96–102
  • Poncelet M, Barnouin MC, Breliere JC, Le Fur G, Soubrie P. Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors by SR 141716 selectively antagonizes drug-induced reinstatement of exploratory behaviour in gerbils. Psychopharmacology 1999; 144: 144–150
  • Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC. The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: a review. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188: 425–444
  • Riedel G, Davies SN. Cannabinoid function in learning, memory and plasticity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005; 168: 445–477
  • Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Heaulme M, et al. SR141716A, a potent and selective antagonist of the brain cannabinoid receptor. FEBS Lett 1994; 350: 240–244
  • Robbe D, Alonso G, Duchamp F, Bockaert J, Manzoni OJ. Localization and mechanisms of action of cannabinoid receptors at the glutamatergic synapses of the mouse nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 109–116
  • Robertson GS, Fibiger HC. Neuroleptics increase c-fos expression in the forebrain:contrasting effects of haloperidol and clozapine. Neuroscience 1992; 46: 315–328
  • Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Del Arco I, Martin-Calderon JL, Gorriti MA, Navarro M. Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of motor activity. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 5: 483–501
  • Roth BL, Hanizavareh SM, Blum AE. Serotonin receptors represent highly favorable molecular targets for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia and other disorders. Psychopharmacology 2004; 174: 17–24
  • Russo EB, Burnett A, Hall B, Parker BB. Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors. Neurochem Res 2005; 30: 1037–1043
  • Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, et al. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152: 1092–1101
  • Scatton B, Sanger DJ. Pharmacological and molecular targets in the search for novel antipsychotics. Behav Pharmacol 2000; 11: 243–256
  • Schneider U, Borsutzky M, Seidert J, et al. Reduced binocular depth inversion in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 2002; 53: 101–108
  • Schwartz RH. Marijuana: an overview. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34: 305–317
  • Shen M, Piser TM, Seybold VS, Thayer SA. Cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit glutamatergic synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal cultures. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4322–4334
  • Shen M, Thayser SA. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist to modulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission between rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55: 8–13
  • Solowij N. Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998
  • Swerdlow NR, Kuczenski R, Goins JC, et al. Neurochemical analysis of rat strain differences in the startle gating-disruptive effects of dopamine agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 80: 203–211
  • Terranova JP, Perio A, Worms P, Le Fur G, Soubrie P. Social olfactory recognition in rodents :deterioration with age, cerebral ischaemia and septal lesion. Behav Pharmacol 1994; 5: 90–98
  • Terranova JP, Michaud JC, Le Fur G, Soubrie P. Inhibition of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices by anandamide and WIN55212-2: reversal by SR141716A, a selective antagonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1995; 352: 576–579
  • Terranova JP, Storme JJ, Lafon N, et al. Improvement of memory in rodents by selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716. Psychopharmacology 1996; 126: 165–172
  • Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, Burch DF, Roche MJ, Seltzman HH. Comparative receptor binding analyses of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285: 285–292
  • Treffert DA. Marijuana use in schizophrenia: a clear hazard. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135: 1213–1215
  • Turner WM, Tsuang MT. Impact of substance abuse on the course and outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 87–95
  • Umbricht D, Krljes S. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2005; 76: 1–23
  • Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Hell D, Javitt DC. Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 1139–1147
  • Umbricht D, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L. Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 400–406
  • Varty GB, Higgins GA. Examination of drug-induced and isolation-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition as models to screen antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology 1995; 122: 15–26
  • Verrico CD, Jentsch JD, Roth RH. Persistent and anatomically selective reduction in prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism after repeated, intermittent cannabinoid administration to rats. Synapse 2003; 49: 61–66
  • Vollenweider FX. Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogen drug actions in humans: a preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31: 92–103
  • Vollenweider FX. Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialog Clin Neurosci 2001; 3: 265–279
  • Vollenweider FX, Geyer MA. A systems model of altered consciousness:integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses. Brain Res Bull 2001; 56: 495–507
  • Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Oye I, Hell D, Angst J. Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers measured by FDG–PET. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997; 7: 25–38
  • Vollenweider FX, Barro M, Csomor PA, Feldon J. Clozapine enhances prepulse inhibition in healthy humans with low but not with high prepulse inhibition levels. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 597–603
  • Vollenweider FX, Csomor PA, Knappe B, Geyer MA, Quednow BB. The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 1876–1887
  • Zuardi AW, Rodrigues JA, Cunha JM. Effects of cannabidiol in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology 1991; 104: 260–264
  • Zuardi AW, Morais SL, Guimaraes FS, Mechoulam R. Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 485–486
  • Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Dursun SM, et al. Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20: 683–686

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.