A meta-analysis of circulating BDNF concentrations in anorexia nervosa

References

• Angelucci F, Brene S, Mathe AA. 2005. BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models. Mol Psychiatry 10:345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya AV, Orellana X, Espinoza J. 2008. Evaluation of the effect of caloric restriction on serum BDNF in overweight and obese subjects: Preliminary evidences. Endocrine 33:300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydemir O, Deveci A, Taneli F. 2005. The effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients: A preliminary study. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29:261–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başterzi AD, Yazici K, Aslan E, Delialioğlu N, Taşdelen B, Tot Acar Ş, . 2009. Effects of fluoxetine and venlafaxine on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33: 281–285.
   Google Scholar
• Bergh C, Sodersten P. 1996. Anorexia nervosa, self-starvation and the reward of stress. Nat Med 2:21–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berton O, McClung CA, DiLeone RJ, Krishnan V, Renthal W, Russo SJ, . 2006. Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress. Science 311: 864–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder DK, Scharfman HE. 2004. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Growth Factors 22:123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmingham CL, Su J, Hlynsky JA, Goldner EM, Gao M. 2005. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 38:143–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Bagnardi V, Zanardini R, Molteni R, Gabriela Nielsen M, Placentino A, . 2010. Serum and plasma BDNF levels in major depression: A replication study and meta-analyses. World J Biol Psychiatry 11(6):763–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. 2008. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: Implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11:1169–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bus BAA, Molendijk ML, Penninx BJWH, Buitelaar JK, Kenis G, Prickaerts J, . 2011. Determinants of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(2):228–239.
   Google Scholar
• Carlino D, Leone E, Di Cola F, Baj G, Marin R, Dinelli G, . 2011. Low serum truncated-BDNF isoform correlates with higher cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 45(2):273–279.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho AL, Caldeira MV, Santos SD, Duarte CB. 2008. Role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor at glutamatergic synapses. Br J Pharmacol 153(Suppl 1):S310–24.
   Google Scholar
• Chaldakov GN, Fiore M, Tonchev AB, Aloe L. 2006. Adipopharmacology, a novel drug discovery approach: A metabotrophic perspective. Lett Drug Design Discovery 3(7):503–505.
   Google Scholar
• Chaldakov GN, Tonchev AB, Aloe L. 2009. NGF and BDNF: From nerves to adipose tissue, from neurokines to metabokines. Riv Psichiatr 44(2):79–87.
   Google Scholar
• Chan JP, Unger TJ, Byrnes J, Rios M. 2006. Examination of behavioral deficits triggered by targeting BDNF in fetal or postnatal brains of mice. Neuroscience 142:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirulli F, Alleva E. 2009. The NGF saga: From animal models of psychosocial stress to stress-related psychopathology. Front Neuroendocrinol 30:379–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirulli F, Francia N, Berry A, Aloe L, Alleva E, Suomi SJ. 2009. Early life stress as a risk factor for mental health: Role of neurotrophins from rodents to non-human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:573–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirulli F, Berry A, Bonsignore LT, Capone F, D'Andrea I, Aloe L, . 2010. Early life influences on emotional reactivity: Evidence that social enrichment has greater effects than handling on anxiety-like behaviors, neuroendocrine responses to stress and central BDNF levels. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:808–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claudino A, Silva de Lima M, Hay PJ, Bacaltchuk J, Schmidt U, Treasure J. 2006. Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews 2006 Issue 1 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Chichester, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Dellava JE, Thornton LM, Hamer RM, Strober M, Plotnicov K, Klump KL, . 2010. Childhood anxiety associated with low BMI in women with anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 48(1):60–67.
   Google Scholar
• DerSimonian R, Laird N. 1986. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7:177–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J 315:629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich S, Salbach-Andrae H, Eckart S, Merle JV, Burghardt R, Pfeiffer E, . 2009. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and peripheral indicators of the serotonin system in underweight and weight-recovered adolescent girls and women with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 34:323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisch AJ, Bolanos CA, de Wit J, Simonak RD, Pudiak CM, Barrot M, . 2003. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the ventral midbrain-nucleus accumbens pathway: A role in depression. Biol Psychiatry 54:994–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estour B, Germain N, Diconne E, Frere D, Cottet-Emard J, Carrot G, . 2010. Hormonal profile heterogeneity and short-term physical risk in restrictive anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(5):2203–2210.
   Google Scholar
• Favaro A, Tenconi E, Santonastaso P. 2010. The interaction between perinatal factors and childhood abuse in the risk of developing anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 40:657–665.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fichter MM, Pirke KM. 1986. Effect of experimental and pathological weight loss upon the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11:295–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichter MM, Pirke K, Holsboer F. 1986. Weight loss causes neuroendocrine disturbances: Experimental study in healthy starving subjects. Psychiatry Res 17:61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Fujimura H, Altar CA, Chen R, Nakamura T, Nakahashi T, Kambayashi J, . 2002. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation. Thromb Haemost 87:728–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelegen C, van den Heuvel J, Collier DA, Campbell IC, Oppelaar H, Hessel E, . 2008. Dopaminergic and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling in inbred mice exposed to a restricted feeding schedule. Genes Brain Behavior 7:552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratacòs M, González JR, Mercader JM, de Cid R, Urretavizcaya M, Estivill X. 2007. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and psychiatric disorders: Meta-analysis of case-control studies confirm association to substance-related disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 61:911–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray J, Yeo GSH, Cox JJ, Morton J, Adlam AR, Keogh JM, . 2006. Hyperphagia, severe obesity, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity associated with functional loss of one copy of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Diabetes 55:3366–3371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesbach GS, Hovda DA, Gomez-Pinilla F. 2009. Exercise-induced improvement in cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury in rats is dependent on BDNF activation. Brain Res 1288:105–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves JO. 2007. Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? Mol Psychiatry 12:1079–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison A, O'Brien N, Lopez C, Treasure J. 2010. Sensitivity to reward and punishment in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res. 177(1–2):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges LV. 1981. Distribution theory for glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Behav Statist 6: 107–128.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. 2003. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J 327:557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer M, Pagliusi SR, Hohn A, Leibrock J, Barde YA. 1990. Regional distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the adult mouse brain. EMBO J 9:2459–2464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtkamp K, Hebebrand J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. 2004. The contribution of anxiety and food restriction on physical activity levels in acute anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 36:163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman C, Hofer M, Barde Y, Juhasz M, Yancopoulos GD, Squinto SP, . 1991. BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Nature 350: 230–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman C, Juhasz M, Jackson C, Wright P, IP N, Lindsay R. 1994. Overlapping and distinct actions of the neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5 on cultured dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon. J Neurosci 14:335–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karege F, Schwald M, Cisse M. 2002. Postnatal developmental profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain and platelets. Neurosci Lett 328:261–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karege F, Vaudan G, Schwald M, Perroud N, La Harpe R. 2005. Neurotrophin levels in postmortem brains of suicide victims and the effects of antemortem diagnosis and psychotropic drugs. Mol Brain Res 136:29–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katoh-Semba R, Wakako R, Komori T, Shigemi H, Miyazaki N, Ito H, . 2007. Age-related changes in BDNF protein levels in human serum: Differences between autism cases and normal controls. Int J Dev Neurosci 25:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye WH, Fudge JL, Paulus M. 2009. New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(8):573–584.
   Google Scholar
• Keating C. 2010. Theoretical perspective on anorexia nervosa: The conflict of reward. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(1):73–79.
   Google Scholar
• Kernie SG, Liebl DJ, Parada LF. 2000. BDNF regulates eating behavior and locomotor activity in mice. EMBO J 19: 1290–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King BM. 2006. The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav 87:221–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel I, Aid-Pavlidis T, Jaanson K, Sepp M, Pruunsild P, Palm K, . 2009. Tissue-specific and neural activity-regulated expression of human BDNF gene in BAC transgenic mice. BMC Neurosci 10:68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laske C, Banschbach S, Stransky E, Bosch S, Straten G, Machann J, . 2010. Exercise-induced normalization of decreased BDNF serum concentration in elderly women with remitted major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(5):595–602.
   Google Scholar
• Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. 2006. The case of the misleading funnel plot. Br Med J 333:597–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebrun B, Bariohay B, Moyse E, Jean A. 2006. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and food intake regulation: A minireview. Autonom Neurosci 126–127:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee B, Kim Y. 2009. Reduced platelet BDNF level in patients with major depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33:849–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DR, Semba R, Kondo H, Goto S, Nakano K. 1999. Decrease in the levels of NGF and BDNF in brains of mice fed a tryptophan-deficient diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63: 337–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Lu L, Zhu X, Gong J, Shaham Y, Uhl GR. 2006. Rodent BDNF genes, novel promoters, novel splice variants, and regulation by cocaine. Brain Res 1067:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lommatzsch M, Zingler D, Schuhbaeck K, Schloetcke K, Zingler C, Schuff-Werner P, . 2005. The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiol Aging 26:115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorgis L, Amoureux S, de Maistre E, Sicard P, Bejot Y, Zeller M, . 2009. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and platelet activation evaluated by soluble P-selectin and soluble CD-40-ligand in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 24(4):525–530.
   Google Scholar
• Maina G, Rosso G, Zanardini R, Bogetto F, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. 2010. Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in drug-naïve obsessive–compulsive patients: A case–control study. J Affect Disord 122(1–2):174–178.
   Google Scholar
• Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Friedman B, Alderson RF, Wiegand SJ, Furth ME, . 1990. NT-3, BDNF, and NGF in the developing rat nervous system: Parallel as well as reciprocal patterns of expression. Neuron 5:501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel AL, Ozdener H, Utermohlen V. 2009. Identification of pro- and mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 54:689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marais L, Stein DJ, Daniels WM. 2009. Exercise increases BDNF levels in the striatum and decreases depressive-like behavior in chronically stressed rats. Metab Brain Dis 24(4):587–597.
   Google Scholar
• Maron E, Toru I, Maemets K, Sepp S, Vasar V, Shlik J, . 2009. CCK-4-induced anxiety but not panic is associated with serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects. J Psychopharmacol 23:460–464.
   Google Scholar
• Martin B, Pearson M, Kebejian L, Golden E, Keselman A, Bender M, . 2007. Sex-dependent metabolic, neuroendocrine, and cognitive responses to dietary energy restriction and excess. Endocrinology 148:4318–4333.
   Google Scholar
• Martinowich K, Lu B. 2007. Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: Role in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:73–83.
   Google Scholar
• Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B. 2007. New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 10: 1089–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews VB, Astrom MB, Chan MH, Bruce CR, Krabbe KS, Prelovsek O, . 2009. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia 52:1409–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercader JM, Ribasés M, Gratacòs M, González JR, Bayés M, Cid RD, . 2007. Altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels and gene variability are associated with anorexia and bulimia. Genes Brain Behav 6:706–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Tortorella A, Martiadis V, Serritella C, Fuschino A, Maj M. 2004. Opposite changes in the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Psychosom Med 66:744–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Martiadis V, Serritella C, Pannuto M, Maj M. 2005. Circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor is decreased in women with anorexia and bulimia nervosa but not in women with binge-eating disorder: Relationships to co-morbid depression, psychopathology and hormonal variables. Psychol Med 35:897–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munafo MR, Flint J. 2004. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Trends Genet 20:439–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazato M, Hashimoto K, Shimizu E, Kumakiri C, Koizumi H, Okamura N, . 2003. Decreased levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in female patients with eating disorders. Biol Psychiatry 54:485–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazato M, Hashimoto K, Yoshimura K, Hashimoto T, Shimizu E, Iyo M. 2006. No change between the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in female patients with anorexia nervosa before and after partial weight recovery. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:1117–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazato M, Tchanturia K, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, Treasure J, Collier DA, . 2009. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and set-shifting in currently ill and recovered anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. Psychol Med 39:1029–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita M, Aoki K, Takagi M, Yajima Y, Suzuki T. 2003. Implication of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the release of dopamine and dopamine-related behaviors induced by methamphetamine. Neuroscience 119:767–775.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nestler EJ, Carlezon J, William A. 2006. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry 59: 1151–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nockher WA, Renz H. 2006. Neurotrophins in allergic diseases: From neuronal growth factors to intercellular signaling molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:583–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numan S, Seroogy KB. 1999. Expression of trkB and trkC mRNAs by adult midbrain dopamine neurons: A double-label in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol 403:295–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ. 1998. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood–brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 37:1553–1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos FC, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Ekselius L. 2009. Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry 194:10–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Pedersen M, Krabbe KS, Bruunsgaard H, Matthews VB, Febbraio MA. 2009. Role of exercise–induced BDNF production in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Exp Physiol 94(12):1153–1160.
   Google Scholar
• Pezet S, McMahon SB. 2006. Neurotrophins: Mediators and modulators of pain. Annu Rev Neurosci 29:507–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinni A, Marazziti D, Catena M, Domenici L, Del Debbio A, Bianchi C, . 2008. Plasma and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients during 1 year of antidepressant treatments. J Affect Disord 105: 279–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruunsild P, Kazantseva A, Aid T, Palm K, Timmusk T. 2007. Dissecting the human BDNF locus: Bidirectional transcription, complex splicing, and multiple promoters. Genomics 90: 397–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, . 2009. Evidence for a release of BDNF from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol 94(10):1062–1069.
   Google Scholar
• Rios M, Fan G, Fekete C, Kelly J, Bates B, Kuehn R, . 2001. Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity. Mol Endocrinol 15:1748–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito S, Watanabe K, Hashimoto E, Saito T. 2009. Low serum BDNF and food intake regulation: A possible new explanation of the pathophysiology of eating disorders. Prog Neuro- Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33:312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius A, Hellweg R, Litzke J, Vogt M, Dormann C, Vollmayr B, . 2009. Correlations and discrepancies between serum and brain tissue levels of neurotrophins after electroconvulsive treatment in rats. Pharmacopsychiatry 42:270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer G. 2007. Meta: An R package for meta-analysis. R News 7:40–45.
   Google Scholar
• Seidah NG, Benjannet S, Pareek S, Chrétien M, Murphy RA. 1996. Cellular processing of the neurotrophin precursors of NT3 and BDNF by the mammalian proprotein convertases. FEBS Lett 379:247–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert T, Brassard P, Wissenberg M, Rasmussen P, Nordby P, Stallknecht B, . 2009. Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298(2):372–377.
   Google Scholar
• Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G. 2008. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: Meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry 64:527–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberg JL, Bulik CM. 2005. The developmental association between eating disorders symptoms and symptoms of depression and anxiety in juvenile twin girls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:1317–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, . 2010. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42:937–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternheim L, Konstantellou A, Startup H, Schmidt U. 2010. What does uncertainty mean to women with anorexia nervosa? An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev 19(1):12–24.
   Google Scholar
• Strohle A, Stoy M, Graetz B, Scheel M, Wittmann A, Gallinat J, . 2009. Acute exercise ameliorates reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(3):364–368.
   Google Scholar
• Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, Steinthorsdottir V, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, . 2009. Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nat Genet 41:18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmusk T, Palm K, Metsis M, Reintam T, Paalme V, Saarma M, . 1993. Multiple promoters direct tissue-specific expression of the rat BDNF gene. Neuron 10:475–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trajkovska V, Marcussen AB, Vinberg M, Hartvig P, Aznar S, Knudsen GM. 2007. Measurements of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Methodological aspects and demographical data. Brain Res Bull 73:143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade TD, Bulik CM, Neale M, Kendler KS. 2000. Anorexia nervosa and major depression: Shared genetic and environmental risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 157:469–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner A, Aizenstein H, Venkatraman VK, Fudge J, May JC, Mazurkewicz L, . 2007. Altered reward processing in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 164:1842–1849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Bomberg E, Billington CJ, Levine AS, Kotz CM. 2010. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus increases energy expenditure. Brain Res 1336:66–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse EG, Xu B. 2009. New insights into the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in synaptic plasticity. Mol Cell Neurosci 42(2):81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Hirayama A, Hosoe N, Furube M, Hirano S. 2008. Effects of soft-diet feeding on BDNF expression in hippocampus of mice. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 49:185–190.
   Google Scholar
• Yang J, Siao C, Nagappan G, Marinic T, Jing D, McGrath K, . 2009. Neuronal release of proBDNF. Nat Neurosci 12:113–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegenhorn AA, Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Danker-Hopfe H, Malbranc M, Hartung H, Anders D, . 2007. Serum neurotrophins—A study on the time course and influencing factors in a large old age sample. Neurobiol Aging 28:1436–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar