Prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo for benzodiazepine discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A randomised, placebo-controlled, blinded trial

References

• Aldhous M, Franey C, Wright J, Arendt J. 1985. Plasma concentrations of melatonin in man following oral absorption of different preparations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 19:517–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson G, Maes M. 2012. Melatonin: an overlooked factor in schizophrenia and in the inhibition of anti-psychotic side effects. Metab Brain Dis 27:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton H. 2005. The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18:249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baandrup L, Fagerlund B, Jennum P, Lublin H, Hansen JL, Winkel P, et al. 2011. Prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo for benzodiazepine discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial – the SMART trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry 11:160. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baandrup L, Gasse C, Jensen VD, Glenthoj BY, Nordentoft M, Lublin H, et al. 2010. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and risk of death from natural causes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 71:103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DS, Aitchison K, Bateson A, Curran HV, Davies S, Leonard B, et al. 2013. Benzodiazepines: risks and benefits. A reconsideration. J Psychopharmacol 27:967–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billioti de GS, Begaud B, Bazin F, Verdoux H, Dartigues JF, Peres K, et al. 2012. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: prospective population based study. Br Med J 345:e6231.
   Google Scholar
• Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. 2005. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis . J Gen Intern Med 20:1151–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, Vohra S, et al. 2006. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. Br Med J 332:385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gier NA, Gorgels WJ, Lucassen PL, Oude VR, Mulder J, Zitman F. 2011. Discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use: 10-year follow-up. Family Pract 28:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis C, Fatseas M, Lavie E, Auriacombe M. 2006. Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono-dependence management in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD005194.
   Google Scholar
• Dold M, Li C, Tardy M, Khorsand V, Gillies D, Leucht S. 2012. Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD006391.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O'Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ. 2010. International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry 167:686–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel D, Zisapel N, Wainstein J, Laudon M. 1999. Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach. Arch Intern Med 159:2456–2460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies D, Sampson S, Beck A, Rathbone J. 2013. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD003079.
   Google Scholar
• Gotzsche PC. 1996. Blinding during data analysis and writing of manuscripts. Control Clin Trials 17:285–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Bandelow B, Friedrichs S, Huether G, Ruther E. 1996. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels after flunitrazepam administration in healthy subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 6:149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey AG. 2008. Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. Am J Psychiatry 165:820–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huthwaite MA, Andersson V, Stanley J, Romans SE. 2013. Hypnosedative prescribing in outpatient psychiatry. Int Clinical Psychopharmacol 28: 157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabuto M, Namura I, Saitoh Y. 1986. Nocturnal enhancement of plasma melatonin could be suppressed by benzodiazepines in humans. Endocrinol Jpn 33:405–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maldonado MD, Reiter RJ, Perez-San-Gregorio MA. 2009. Melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent in psychiatric illness. Hum Psychopharmacol 24:391–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin CM, Belanger L, Bastien C, Vallieres A. 2005. Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse. Behav Res Ther 43:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacchierotti C, Iapichino S, Bossini L, Pieraccini F, Castrogiovanni P. 2001. Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: a review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry. Front Neuroendocrinol 22:18–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr JM, Kavanagh DJ, Cahill L, Mitchell G, Young RMcD. 2009. Effectiveness of current treatment approaches for benzodiazepine discontinuation: a meta-analysis. Addiction 104:13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savovic J, Jones HE, Altman DG, Harris RJ, Juni P, Pildal J, et al. 2012. Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 157:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan V, Smits M, Spence W, Lowe AD, Kayumov L, Pandi-Perumal SR, et al. 2006. Melatonin in mood disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 7:138–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiihonen J, Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Korhonen P. 2012. Polypharmacy with antipsychotics, antidepressants, or benzodiazepines and mortality in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69:476–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer P, Murphy S, Riley P. 1990. The Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire. J Affective Dis 19:53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vissers FH, Knipschild PG, Crebolder HF. 2007. Is melatonin helpful in stopping the long-term use of hypnotics? A discontinuation trial. Pharm World Sci 29:641–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voshaar RC, Couvee JE, van Balkom AJ, Mulder PG, Zitman FG. 2006. Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 189:213–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, McMahon AD, Nir T, Laudon M, et al. 2007. Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55–80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes. Curr Med Res Opin 23:2597–2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CS, Wang SC, Chang IS, Lin KM. 2009. The association between dementia and long-term use of benzodiazepine in the elderly: nested case–control study using claims data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17:614–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandstra SM, Van RE, Rijnders CA, van de Lisdonk EH, Bor JH, Van WC, et al. 2004. Long-term benzodiazepine users in family practice: differences from short-term users in mental health, coping behaviour and psychological characteristics. Family Pract 21:266–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar