Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: Criteria for biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia part I: Neurophysiology

References

• Adler LE, Pachtman E, Franks RD, Pecevich M, Waldo MC, Freedman R. 1982. Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 17:639–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler LE, Hoffer LD, Wiser A, Freedman R. 1993. Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 150(12):1856–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggernaes B, Glenthoj BY, Ebdrup BH, Rasmussen H, Lublin H, Oranje B. 2010. Sensorimotor gating and habituation in antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after six months treatment with quetiapine. Int J Neuropsychopharm 13:1383–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfken CL, Carney S, Boutros NN. 2009. Translating biological parameters into clinically-useful diagnostic tests. Curr Psychiatry Rep 11:320–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen AJ, Griss ME, Folley BS, Hawkins KA, Pearlson GD. 2009. Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr Res 109(1–3):24–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldeweg T, Hirsch SR. 2015. Mismatch negativity indexes illness-specific impairments of cortical plasticity in schizophrenia: a comparison with bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Psychophysiol 95:145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes FM. 1998. Model generation and testing to probe neural circuitry in the cingulate cortex of postmortem schizophrenic brain. Schizophr Bull 24(2):219–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL. 1991. Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(11):996–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson KL, Zarcone VP Jr. 1993. Rapid eye movement sleep eye movements in schizophrenia and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:474–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson PJ1, Beedie SA, Shephard E, Giegling I, Rujescu D, St Clair D. 2012. Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy. Biol Psychiatry 72:716–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros NN, Zouridakis G, Overall J. 1991. Replication and extension of P50 findings in schizophrenia. Clin Electroencephalogr 22:40–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boutros NN, Mucci A, Vignapiano A, Galderisi S. 2014. Electrophysiological aberrations associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 21:129–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd JE, Patriciu I, McKinnon MC, Kiang M. 2014. Test-retest reliability of N400 event-related brain potential measures in a word-pair semantic priming paradigm in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 158:195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braff DL, Stone C, Callaway E, Geyer MA, Glick I, Bali L. 1978. Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics. Psychophysiology 15:339–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown A, Hooton J, Schaefer C, et al. 2004. Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 161(5):889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budd TW, Barry RJ, Gordon E, Rennie C, Michie PT. 1998. Decrement of the N1 auditory event-related potential with stimulus repetition: Habituation vs. refractoriness. Int J Psychophisiol 31:51–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunse T, Wobrock T, Strube W, Padberg F, Palm U, Falkai P, et al. 2014. Motor cortical excitability assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Brain Stimul 7(2):158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PD, Chen Y, Ford JM, Geyer MA, Silverstein SM, Green MF. 2012. Perceptual measurement in schizophrenia: promising electrophysiology and neuroimaging paradigms from CNTRICS. Schizophr Bull 38(1):81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, McDowell JE, Braff DL. 2002. Neurobiological measures of schizotypal personality disorder: defining an inhibitory endophenotype? Am J Psychiatry. 159:869–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion D, Thibaut F, Denise P, Courtin P, Pottier M, Levillain D. 1992. SPEM impairment in drug-naive schizophrenic patients: evidence for a trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 32:891–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantello R, Gianelli M, Civardi C, Mutani R. 1992. Magnetic brain stimulation: the silent period after the motor evoked potential. Neurology 42(10):1951–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree GW, Gogos JA. 2014. Synaptic plasticity, neural circuits, and the emerging role of altered short-term information processing in schizophrenia. Front Synaptic Neurosci 6:28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daskalakis ZJ, Christensen BK, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB, Zipursky RB, Kapur S. 2002. Evidence for impaired cortical inhibition in schizophrenia using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(4):347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daskalakis ZJ, Christensen BK, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R. 2008. Dysfunctional neural plasticity in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(4):378–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis H, Mast T, Yoshie N, Zerlin S. 1966. The slow response of the human cortex to auditory stimuli: recovery process. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 21:105–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan CC1, Barry RJ, Connolly JF, Fischer C, Michie PT, Näätänen R, et al. 2009. Event-related potentials in clinical research: guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400. Clin Neurophysiol 120:1883–1908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhammer P, Wiegand R, Kharraz A, Langguth B, Binder H, Hajak G. 2004. Cortical excitability in neuroleptic-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 67(2–3):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger U, Kumari V. 2003. Pharmacological studies of smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in schizophrenia: current status and directions for future research. Curr Neuropharmacol 1:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Farzan F, Barr MS, Sun Y, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. 2012. Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the modulation of gamma oscillations in schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1265:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Peterson MJ, Massimini M, Murphy M, Riedner BA, et al. 2007. Reduced sleep spindle activity in schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 164:483–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ, deCastella A, Kulkarni J. 2002. A study of transcallosal inhibition in schizophrenia using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Res 56(3):199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantseva MV, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R, Moller B, Daigle M, Daskalakis ZJ. 2008. Evidence for impaired long-term potentiation in schizophrenia and its relationship to motor skill learning. Cereb Cortex 18(5):990–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frantseva M, Cui J, Farzan F, Chinta LV, Perez Velazquez JL, Daskalakis ZJ. 2014. Disrupted cortical conductivity in schizophrenia: TMS-EEG study. Cereb Cortex 24(1):211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman R, Waldo MC, Bickford-Wimer PC, Nagamoto H. 1991. Elementary neuronal dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 4(2):233–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galderisi S, Vignapiano A, Mucci A, Boutros NN. 2014. Physiological correlates of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 21:103–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottesman II, Gould TD. 2003. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160(4):636–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Nitsche MA, Rein B, Schneider-Axmann T, Guse B, Gruber O, et al. 2011. Dysfunctional long-term potentiation-like plasticity in schizophrenia revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation. Behav Brain Res 224(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T. 2013. Transcranial brain stimulation in schizophrenia: targeting cortical excitability, connectivity and plasticity. Curr Med Chem 20(3):405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Nitsche MA, Rein B, Schneider-Axmann T, Guse B, Gruber, O et al. 2011. Dysfunctional long-term potentiation-like plasticity in schizophrenia revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation. Behav Brain Res 224(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Nitsche MA, Herrmann M, Schneider-Axmann T, Marshall L, Gruber O, et al. 2012a. Impaired long-term depression in schizophrenia: a cathodal tDCS pilot study. Brain Stimul 5(4):475–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Wobrock T, Grefkes C, Labusga M, Levold K, Schneider-Axmann T, et al. 2012b. Deficient inhibitory cortical networks in antipsychotic-naive subjects at risk of developing first-episode psychosis and first-episode schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study. Biol Psychiatry 72(9):744–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan A, Brinkmann C, Strube W, Palm U, Malchow B, Rothwell JC, et al. 2015. Investigations of motor-cortex cortical plasticity following facilitatory and inhibitory transcranial theta-burst stimulation in schizophrenia: a proof-of-concept study. J Psychiatr Res 61:196–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto T, Bazmi HH, Mirnics K, Wu Q, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. 2008. Conserved regional patterns of GABA-related transcript expression in the neocortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 165(4):479–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW. 1974. Eye-tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:143–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Proctor LR, Haberman SJ, Yasillo NJ. 1977. Abnormal pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:802–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Haberman SJ. 1980. Deviant eye tracking in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:627–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houy E, Raux G, Thibaut F, Belmont A, Demily C, Allio G, et al. 2004. The promoter –194 C polymorphism of the nicotinic alpha 7 receptor gene has a protective effect against the P50 sensory gating deficit. Mol Psychiatry 9:320–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton SB, Crawford TJ, Puri BK, Duncan LJ, Chapman M, Kennard C, et al. 1998. Smooth pursuit and saccadic abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 28:685–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton SB, Crawford TJ, Gibbins H, Cuthbert I, Barnes TR, Kennard C, et al. 2001. Short and long term effects of antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit eye tracking in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 157:284–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivleva EI, Moates AF, Hamm JP, Bernstein IH, O'Neill HB, Cole D, et al. 2014. Smooth pursuit eye movement, prepulse inhibition, and auditory paired stimuli processing endophenotypes across the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder psychosis dimension. Schizophr Bull 40:642–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson F, Foti D, Kotov R, Perlman G, Mathalon DH, Proudfit GH. 2014. An incongruent reality: the N400 in relation to psychosis and recovery. Schizophr Res 160:208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt DC, Spencer KM, Thaker GK, Winterer G, Hajós M. 2008. Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7:68–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt DC1, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Umbricht D. 2012. Has an angel shown the way? Etiological and therapeutic implications of the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 38:958–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karoumi B, Saoud M, d’Amato T, Rosenfeld F, Denise P, Gutknecht C, et al. 2001. Poor performance in smooth pursuit and antisaccadic eye-movement tasks in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 101:209–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaser M, Soltesz F, Lawrence P, Miller S, Dodds C, Croft R, et al. 2013. Oscillatory underpinnings of mismatch negativity and their relationship with cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 8:e83255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MC, Miller G. 2006. Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: which evolutionary genetic models work best? Behav Brain Sci 20:385–452.
   Google Scholar
• Keshavan MS, Cashmere JD, Miewald J, Yergani VK. 2004. Decreased nonlinear complexity and chaos during sleep in first episode schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Schizophr Res 71:263–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig T, Lehmann D, Merlo MC, Kochi K, Hell D, Koukkou M. 1999. A deviant EEG brain microstate in acute, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenics at rest. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotini A, Anninos P. 2002. Detection of non-linearity in schizophrenic patients using magnetoencephalography. Brain Topography 15:107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujirai T, Caramia MD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Ferbert A, et al. 1993. Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol 471:501–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumra S, Sporn A, Hommer DW, Nicolson R, Thaker G, Israel E, et al. 2001Smooth pursuit eye-tracking impairment in childhood-onset psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158:1291–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutas M, Federmeier KD. 2011. Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event related brain potential (ERP). Annu Rev Psychol 62:621–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KH, Williams LM. 2000. Eye movement dysfunction as a biological marker of risk for schizophrenia. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 34:S91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann D, Faber PL, Galderisi S, Herrmann WM, Kinoshita T, Koukkou M, et al. 2005. EEG microstate duration and syntax in acute, medication-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: a multi-center study. Psychiatry Res 138:141–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh RJ, Zee DS. 1999. The neurology of eye movements. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levy DL, O'Driscoll G, Matthysse S, Cook SR, Holzman PS, Mendell NR. 2004. Antisaccade performance in biological relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 71:113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light GA, Braff DL. 1999. Human and animal studies of schizophrenia-related gating deficits. Curr Psychiatry Rep 1:31–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Rissling AJ, Radant A, Sugar CA, Sprock J, et al. 2012. Characterization of neurophysiologic and neurocognitive biomarkers for use in genomic and clinical outcome studies of schizophrenia. PLoS one 7(7):e39434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louchart-de la Chapelle S, Nkam I, Houy E, Belmont A, Ménard JF, Rossignol AC, et al. 2005. A concordance study of three electrophysiological measures in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:466–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoach DS, Demanuele C, Wamsley EJ, Vangel M, Montrose DM, Miewald J, et al. 2014. Sleep spindle deficits in antipsychotic-naïve early course schizophrenia and in non-psychotic first-degree relatives. Front Hum Neurosci 8:762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell JE, Brown GG, Paulus M, Martinez A, Stewart SE, Dubowitz DJ, et al. 2002. Neural correlates of refixation saccades and antisaccades in normal and schizophrenia subjects. Biol Psychiatry 51:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGhie A, Chapman J. 1961. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br J Med Psychol 34:103–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti JM, Monti D. 2005. Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry 17:247–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Näätänen R. 1995. The mismatch negativity: a powerful tool for cognitive neuroscience. Ear Hear 16:6–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasawa T, Kamiya T, Kawasaki Y, Higashima M, Urata K, Sakai N, et al. 1999. The relationship between auditory ERP and neuropsychological assessments in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 34:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkam I, Thibaut F, Denise P, Van Der Elst A, Ségard L, Brazo P, et al. 2001Saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 48:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkam I, Bocca ML, Denise P, Paoletti X, Dollfus S, Levillain D, et al. 2010. Impaired smooth pursuit in schizophrenia results from prediction impairment only. Biol. Psychiatry 67:992–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oranje B, Glenthøj BY. 2013. Clonidine normalizes sensorimotor gating deficits in patients with schizophrenia on stable medication. Schizophr Bull 39:684–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oranje B, Glenthøj BY. 2014. Clonidine normalizes levels of P50 gating in patients with schizophrenia on stable medication. Schizophr Bull 40:1022–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oranje B, Geyer MA, Kenemans JL, Verbaten MN. 2006. Prepulse inhibition and P50 suppression: Commonalities and dissociations. Psychiatry Res 143:147–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oranje B, Aggernaes B, Rasmussen H, Ebdrup BH, Glenthoj BY. 2013. P50 suppression and its neural generators in antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia before and after 6 months of quetiapine treatment. Schizophr Bull 39:472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxley T, Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, de Castella A, Daskalakis ZJ, Kulkarni J. 2004. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals abnormal plastic response to premotor cortex stimulation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 56(9):628–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakarinen S, Huotilainen M, Näätänen R. 2010. The mismatch negativity (MMN) with no standard stimulus. Clin Neurophysiol 121:1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlson GD, Folley BS. 2008. Endophenotypes, dimensions, risks: is psychosis analogous to common inherited medical illnesses? Clin EEG Neurosci 39:73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters R, Gjini K, Templin TN, Boutros NN. 2014. A statistical methodology to improve accuracy in differentiating schizophrenia patients from healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 216(3):333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovsky N, Ettinger U, Quednow BB, Landsberg MW, Drees J, Lennertz L, et al. 2013. Nicotine enhances antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 16:1473–1481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. 1994. Saccade and smooth-pursuit impairment after cerebral hemispheric lesions. Eur Neurol 34:121–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polich J. 2007. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin Neurophysiol Clin Neurophysiol 118:2128–2148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhu N, de Jesus DR, Ravindran LN, Zanjani A, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. 2013. A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 124(7):1309–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhu N, Garcia Dominguez L, Farzan F, Richter MA, Semeralul MO, Chen R, et al. 2015. Evidence for inhibitory deficits in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Brain.138(Pt 2):483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajji TK, Sun Y, Zomorrodi-Moghaddam R, Farzan F, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, et al. 2013. PAS-induced potentiation of cortical-evoked activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(12):2545–2552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raux G, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Louchart S, Houy E, Gantier R, Levillain D, et al. 2002. The –2 bp deletion in exon 6 of the ‘alpha 7-like’ nicotinic receptor subunit gene is a risk factor for the P50 sensory gating deficit. Mol Psychiatry 7:1006–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reulbach U, Bleich S, Maihofner C, Kornhuber J, Sperling W. 2007. Specific and unspecific auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuropsychobiology 55:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritsner MS. 2009. The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes and genes: Neuropsychological endophenotypes and biomarkers. Ritsner MS, editor. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rockstroh B, Watzl H, Kowalik ZJ, Cohen R, Sterr A, Müller M, et al. 1997. Dynamical aspects of the EEG in different psychopathological states in an interview situation: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 28:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. 2014a. Cortical inhibition, excitation, and connectivity in schizophrenia: a review of insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Bull 40(3):685–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. 2014b. Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to working memory performance: A TMS-EEG study. Cortex 64C:68–77.
   Google Scholar
• Ropohl A, Sperling W, Elstner S, Tomandl B, Reulbach U, Kaltenhauser M, et al. 2004. Cortical activity associated with auditory hallucinations. Neuroreport 15:523–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosburg T, Boutros NN, Ford JM. 2008. Reduced auditory evoked potential component N100 in schizophrenia – a critical review. Psychiatry Res 161:259–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross RG, Harris JG, Olincy A, Radant A, Adler LE, Freedman R. 1998. Familial transmission of two independent saccadic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 30:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siever LJ, Coursey RD, Alterman IS, Buchsbaum MS, Murphy DL. 1984. Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement: vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder in a normal volunteer population. Am J Psychiatry 141:1560–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siever LJ, Keefe R, Bernstein DP, Cocarro EF, Klar HM, Zemishlany Z, et al. 1990. Eye tracking impairment in clinically identified patients with schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 147:740–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger A, Trillenberg P, Nagel M, Sweeney JA, Lencer R 2013. Enhanced top-down control during pursuit eye tracking in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263:223–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strick WK, Dierks T, Müller T, Maurer K 1991. Cognitive components of auditory evoked potentials in schizophrenic disorders: Topography and clinical correlations. In: Maurer K, editor. Imaging of the brain in psychiatry and related fields. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Strube W, Nitsche MA, Wobrock T, Bunse T, Rein B, Herrmann M, et al. 2014. BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism impact on cortical plasticity in schizophrenia patients: a proof-of-concept study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol18. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strube W, Bunse T, Nitsche MA, Wobrock T, Aborowa R, Misewitsch K, et al. 2015. Smoking restores impaired LTD-like plasticity in schizophrenia: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neuropsychopharmacology 40(4):822–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Rissling AJ, Pascual-Marqui R, Kirihara K, Pela M, Sprock J, et al. 2013. Neural substrates of normal and impaired preattentive sensory discrimination in large cohorts of nonpsychiatric subjects and schizophrenia patients as indexed by MMN and P3a change detection responses. Neuroimage 66:594–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut F. 2006. Schizophrenia: an example of complex genetic disease. World J Biol Psychiatry 7(4):194–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R. 1997. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 28:1–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregellas JR, Tanabe JL, Miller DE, Ross RG, Olincy A, Freedman R. Neurobiology of smooth pursuit eye movement deficits in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. 2004. Am J Psychiatry 161:315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turetsky BI, Dress EM, Braff DL, Calkins ME, Green MF, Greenwood TA et al. 2014. The utility of P300 as a schizophrenia endophenotype and predictive biomarker: clinical and socio-demographic modulators in COGS-2. Schizophr Res 163:53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. 2010. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:100–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbricht D, Krljes S. 2005. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 76:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valls-Sole J, Pascual-Leone A, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. 1992. Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 85(6):355–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang XJ. 2010. Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiol Rev 90:1195–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichniak A, Wierzbicka A, Jernajczyk W. 2013. Sleep as a biomarker for depression. Int Rev Psychiatry 25:632–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wobrock T, Schneider M, Kadovic D, Schneider-Axmann T, Ecker UK, Retz W, et al. 2008. Reduced cortical inhibition in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 105(1–3):252–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemann U, Reis J, Schwenkreis P, Rosanova M, Strafella A, Badawy R, et al. 2014. TMS and drugs revisited 2014. Clin Neurophysiol 14: S1388–2457.
   Google Scholar