112
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Over 1200 drugs-related deaths and 190,000 opiate-user-years of follow-up: Relative risks by sex and age group

Pages 194-207 | Received 18 Nov 2008, Accepted 12 Feb 2009, Published online: 10 Mar 2010

References

  • Advisory Council on Misuse of Drugs. Reducing drug related deaths. Home Office, London 2000
  • Bargagli AM, Hickman M, Davoli M, Perucci C, Schifano P, Buster M, Brugal T, Vicente J. COSMO European Group. 2005. Drug-related mortality and its impact in eight European countries. European Journal of Public Health. September, 1681–1685, Available from: eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/rapidpdf/cki168v1.pdf
  • Bargagli AM, Sperati A, Davoli M, Forastiere F, Perucci CA. Mortality among problem drug users in Rome: An 18-year follow-up study, 1980–97. Addiction 2001; 96: 1455–1463
  • Best D, Man L-H, Zador D, Darke S, Bird S, Strang J, Ashton M. Thematic review: Overdosing on Opiates. Part 1: Causes. Drug & Alcohol Findings 2000; 4(4-7)16–20
  • Bird SM, Goldberg DJ, Hutchinson SJ. Projecting severe sequelae of injection-related Hepatitis C virus epidemic in the UK; part 1–critical Hepatitis C and injector data. Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics 2001; 6: 243–265
  • Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996–99. Addiction 2003; 97: 185–190
  • Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg DJ. Drug-related deaths by region, sex, and age-group per 100 injecting drug users in Scotland, 2000–01. Lancet 2003; 362: 941–944
  • Bloor M, Gannon M, Hay G, Jackson J, Leyland AH, McKeganey N. Contribution of problem drug users’ deaths to excess mortality in Scotland: Secondary analysis of cohort study. British Medical Journal 2008; 337: a478
  • Buster MCA, van Brussel GHA, van den Brink W. An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam. Addiction 2002; 97: 993–1001
  • Caplehorn JR, Dalton MS, Haldar F, Petrenas AM, Nisbet JG. Methadone maintenance and addicts' risk of fatal heroin overdose. Substance Use and Misuse 1996; 31: 177–196
  • Copeland L, Budd J, Robertson JR, Elton RA. Changing patterns in causes of death in a cohort of injecting drug users, 1980-2001. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004; 164: 1214–1220
  • Darke S, Degenhardt L, Mattick RP. Mortality among illicit drug users: Epidemiology, causes, and intervention. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007
  • Darke S, Ross J. Suicide among heroin users: Rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction 2002; 97: 1383–1394
  • Darke S, Zador DA. Fatal heroin ‘overdose’: A review. Addiction 1996; 12: 1765–1772
  • De Angelis D, Hickman M, Yang S. Estimating long-term trends in the incidence and prevalence of opiate use/injecting drug use and the number of former users: Back-calculation methods and opiate overdose deaths. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 160: 994–1004
  • Dettmer K, Saunders B, Strang J. Take home naloxone and the prevention of deaths from opiate overdose: Two pilot schemes. British Medical Journal 2000; 322: 895–896
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Co-ordination of implementation of the EMCDDA standard guidelines on the drugs-related deaths indicator in the EU member states, and collection of information on drug-related deaths (EMCDDA Project CT.99.RTX.04). EMCDDA, Lisbon 2000
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Annual report 2003. The state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. EMCDDA, Lisbon 2003, October
  • Fugelstad A, Stenbacka M, Leifman A, Nylander M, Thiblin I. Methadone maintenance treatment: The balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings. Addiction 2007; 102: 406–412
  • Galai N, Safaeian M, Vlahov D, Bolotin A, Celentano DD. Longitudinal patterns of drug injection behavior in the ALIVE study cohort, 1988-2000: Description and determinants. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003; 158: 695–704
  • Gossop M, Stewart D, Treacy S, Marsden J. A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction 2002; 97: 39–47
  • Hay G, McKeganey N, Hutchinson S, on behalf of Project Team. Executive report: Estimating the national and local prevalence of problem drug use in Scotland. NHS Scotland, University of Glasgow and Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, Glasgow 2001
  • Hickman M, Carnwath Z, Madden P, Farrell M, Rooney C, Ashcroft R, Judd A, Stimson G. Drug-related mortality and fatal overdose risk: Pilot study of heroin users recruited from specialist drug treatment sites in London. Journal of Urban Health (Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine) 2003; 80: 274–287
  • Hickman M, Higgins V, Hope V, Bellis M, Tilling K, Walker A, Henry J. Injecting drug use in Brighton, Liverpool, and London: Best estimates of prevalence and coverage of public health indicators. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004; 58: 766–771
  • Hutchinson SJ, Bird SM, Goldberg DJ. Modelling the current and future disease burden of Hepatitis C among injecting drug users in Scotland. Hepatology 2005; 42: 994–1004
  • Jackson GWL. Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2001: Occasional paper no 8. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh 2002
  • Jossels G, Sartor F. Drug-related deaths in Belgium, 1987-1997. Archives of Public Health 2006; 64: 185–197
  • King R, Bird SM, Brooks SP, Hutchinson SJ, Hay G. Prior information in behavioural capture-recapture methods: Demographic influences on drug injectors’ propensity to be listed in data sources and their drug-related mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005; 162: 1–10
  • King R, Bird SM, Hay G, Hutchinson SJ. Updated estimation of the prevalence of injecting drug-users in Scotland via capture-recapture methods. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2009; 18: 341–359
  • Langendam MW, van Brussel GHA, Coutinho RA, van Ameijden EJC. The impact of harm-reduction-based methadone treatment on mortality among heroin users. American Journal of Public Health 2001; 91: 774–780
  • Law MG, Dore GJ, Bath N, Thompson S, Crofts N, Dolan K, Giles W, Gow P, Kaldor J, Loveday S, et al. Modelling Hepatitis C virus incidence, prevalence and long-term sequelae in Australia, 2001. International Journal of Epidemiology 2003; 32: 717–724
  • Law MG, Lynskey M, Ross J, Hall W. Back-projection estimates of the number of dependent heroin users in Australia. Addiction 2001; 96: 433–443
  • Mattick RP, Degenhardt L. Methadone-related and heroin-related deaths among opiate users: Methadone helps save lives. Addiction 2003; 98: 387–388
  • McDonald SA, Hutchinson SJ, Bird SM, Mills PR, Dillon J, Bloor M, Robertson C, Donaghy M, Hayes P, Graham L, Goldberg DJ. A population-based record linkage study of mortality in Hepatitis C diagnosed persons with or without HIV coinfection in Scotland. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2009; 18: 271–283
  • Preti A, Miotto P, De Coppi M. Deaths by unintentional illicit drug overdose in Italy, 1984–2000. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2002; 66: 275–282
  • Quaglio G, Talamini G, Lechi A, Venturini L, Lugoboni F, Gruppo Intersert di Collaborazione Scientifica (GICS), Mexxelani P. Study of 2708 heroin-related deaths in North Eastern Italy 1985-98 to establish the main causes of death. Addiction 2001; 96: 1127–1137
  • Risser D, Honigschnabel S, Stichenwirth M, Pfudl S, Sebald D, Kaff A, Bauer G. Mortality of opiate users in Vienna, Austria. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2001; 64: 251–256
  • Seaman SR, Brettle RP, Gore SM. Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: Database linkage study. British Medical Journal 1998; 316: 426–428
  • Singleton N, Pendry E, Taylor C, Farrell M, Marsden J. Drug-related mortality among newly-released offenders. Home Office Online Report 16, Home Office Research Development and Statistical Directorate, London 2003
  • Surveillance of known hepatitis C antibody positive cases in Scotland. Results to 30 June 2002. 2003. Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental (SCIEH) Weekly Report, 15 April, 96–101
  • Uren Z, Baker A, Majeed A. Trends in deaths from drug overdose and poisoning in England and Wales 1993-1998. Public Health Medicine 2001; 23: 242–246
  • Versino E, Faggiano F. VEdeTTE A study of the efficacy of drug treatments in Italy. Internet Journal of Public Health Education 2000; 2: B27–B33
  • Wahren CA, Brandt L, Allbeck P. Has mortality in drug addicts increased? A comparison between two hospitalised cohorts in Stockholm. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 26: 1219–1226
  • Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Lynskey M, Hall W. Heroin overdose: Causes and consequences. Addiction 2001; 96: 1113–1125
  • White JM, Irvine RJ. Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction 1999; 94: 961–72

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.