Cannabis causes schizophrenia? So does nicotine

References

• Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987; 2(8574)1483–86
   Google Scholar
• Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Rydberg U. Schizophrenia in users and nonusers of cannabis. A longitudinal study in Stockholm county. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989; 79(5)505–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leon J, Diaz FJ. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 76(2–3)135–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: Results from the national survey of mental health and well-being. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2001; 3(3)225–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. Cannabis and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports 2002; 4(3)191–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etter M, Mohr S, Garin C, Etter JF. Stages of change in smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in the general population. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004; 30(2)459–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR. Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33(1)15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French ED. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol excites rat vta dopamine neurons through activation of cannabinoid cb1 but not opioid receptors. Neuroscience Letters 1997; 226(3)159–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French ED, Dillon K, Wu X. Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. Neuroreport 1997; 8(3)649–652
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu Y, Matta SG, Gao W, Brower VG, Sharp BM. Systemic nicotine stimulates dopamine release in nucleus accumbens: Re-evaluation of the role of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2000; 294(2)458–465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grillner P, Svensson TH. Nicotine-induced excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro involves ionotropic glutamate receptor activation. Synapse 2000; 38(1)1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, van Os J. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. British Medical Journal 2005; 330(7481)11–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AB. The environment and disease: Association or causation?. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58: 295–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 143(8)993–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, Wustenberg T, Villringer A, Knutson B, Wrase J, Heinz A. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2006; 29(2)409–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M. From dopamine to salience to psychosis-linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2005; 79(1)59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundi M. Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006; 114(7)969–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray GK, Corlett PR, Clark L, Pessiglione M, Blackwell AD, Honey G, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Fletcher PC. Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis. Molecular Psychiatry 2008; 13(3)239, 267–276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimwegen L, Haan L, Beveren N, Brink W, Linszen D. Adolescence, schizophrenia and drug abuse: A window of vulnerability. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2005; 111(s427)35–42
   Google Scholar
• Schilstrom B, Mameli-Engvall M, Rawal N, Grillner P, Jardemark K, Svensson TH. Nitric oxide is involved in nicotine-induced burst firing of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Neuroscience 2004; 125(4)957–964
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sophie Erhardt LSGE. Excitatory and inhibitory responses of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area to nicotine. Synapse 2002; 43(4)227–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Chiara GD. Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common?1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science 1997; 276(5321)2048–2050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 156(4)319–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Grotto I, Yasvitzky R, Rabinowitz J, Lubin G, Nahon D, Knobler HY, Davidson M. Higher rates of cigarette smoking in male adolescents before the onset of schizophrenia: A historical-prospective cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 161(7)1219–1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles NJ, Zammit S, Bebbington P, Singleton N, Meltzer H, Lewis G. Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population: Results from the longitudinal study of the british national psychiatric morbidity survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188(6)519–526
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JM, Ziedonis DM, Foulds J. A case series of nicotine nasal spray in the treatment of tobacco dependence among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 2004; 55(9)1064–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, French ED. Effects of chronic [delta]9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine neurons: An electrophysiological assessment. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39(3)391–398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zammit S, Lewis G. Exploring the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Addiction 2004; 99(10)1353–1355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar