415
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
FOCUS ON CHARACTERISATION

STEM mode in the SEM: A practical tool for nanotoxicology

, , , , , & show all
Pages 215-227 | Received 20 Aug 2010, Accepted 25 Oct 2010, Published online: 19 Nov 2010

References

  • Acevedo-Reyes D, Perez M, Verdu C, Bogner A, Epicier T. 2008. Characterization of precipitates size distribution: Validation of low-voltage STEM. J Microsc 232:112–122.
  • Auffan M, Rose J, Bottero J-Y, Lowry GV, Jolivet J-P, Wiesner MR. 2009. Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective. Nature Nanotechol 4:634–641.
  • Barkay Z. 2010. Wettability study using transmitted electrons in environmental scanning electron microscope. Appl Phys Lett 96:183109.
  • Barkay Z, Rivkin I, Margalit R. 2009. Three-dimensional characterization of drug-encapsulated particles using STEM detector in FEG-SEM. Micron 40:480–485.
  • Bogner A, Guimarães A, Guimarães RCO, Santos AM, Thollet G, Jouneau PH, Gauthier C. 2008. Grafting characterization of natural rubber latex particles: Wet-STEM imaging contributions. Colloid Polm Sci 286:1049–1059.
  • Bogner A, Jouneau P-H, Thollet G, Basset D, Gauthier C. 2007. A history of scanning electron microscopy developments: Towards ‘wet-STEM’ imaging. Micron 38:390–401.
  • Bogner A, Thollet G, Basset D, Jouneau P-H, Gauthier C. 2005. Wet STEM: A new development in environmental SEM for imaging nano-objects included in a liquid phase. Ultramicroscopy 104:290–301.
  • Boverhof DR, Davis RM. 2010. Nanomaterial characterization: Considerations and needs for hazard assessment and safety evaluation. Anal Bioanal Chem 396:953–961.
  • Brown A, Brydson R, Calvert C, Warley A, Bomford A, Li A, Powell J. 2003. Analytical electron microcope investigation of iron within human liver biopsies. Institute of Physics Conference Series No. 179, Section 2 (ed., pp 83–86).
  • Buhr E, Senftleben N, Klein T, Bergmann D, Gnieser D, Frase CG, Bosse H. 2009. Characterization of nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy in transmission mode. Meas Sci Technol 20:084025.
  • Cazaux J. 2004. About the role of the various types of secondary electrons (SE1;SE2;SE3) on the performance of LVSEM. J Microsc 214:341–347.
  • Cheng C, Müller KH, Koziol KKK, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M, Porter AE. 2009. Toxicity and imaging of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human macrophage cells. Biomaterials 30:4152–4160.
  • Clarke DR. 1973. Review: Transmission scanning electron microscopy. J Mater Sci 8:279–285.
  • Doak SH, Griffiths SM, Manshian B, Singh N, Williams PM, Brown AP, Jenkins GJS. 2009. Confounding experimental considerations in nanogenotoxicology. Mutagenesis 24:285–293.
  • Furusho H, Mishima Y, Kameta N, Yamane M, Masuda M, Asakawa M, Yamashita I, Mori H, Takaoka A, Shimizu T. 2009. Lipid nanotube encapsulating method in low-energy scanning transmission electron microscopy analyses. Jap J Appl Phys 48:097001.
  • Garron A, Świerczyński D, Bennici S, Auroux A. 2009. New insights into the mechanism of H2 generation through NaBH4 hydrolysis on Co-based nanocatalysts studied by differential reaction calorimetry. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:1185–1199.
  • Guise O, Strom C, Preschilla N. 2008. Evaluation of STEM-in-SEM vs. TEM for polymer applications in an industrial setting. Microsc Microanal 14(Suppl. 2):678–679.
  • Habicht W, Boukis N, Franz G, Walter O, Dinjus E. 2006. Exploring hydrothermally grown potassium titanate fibers by STEM-in-SEM/EDX and XRD. Microsc Microanal 12:322–326.
  • Joy DC. 1976. Is STEM possible in a SEM? Scanning Electron Microscopy 9:361–368.
  • Joy DC. 2002. SMART – a program to measure SEM resolution and imaging performance. J Microsc 208:22–34.
  • Joy DC, Joy CS. 1996. Low voltage scanning electron microscopy. Micron 27:247–263.
  • Krivanek OL, Dellby N, Murfitt MF, Chisholm MF, Pennycook TJ, Suenaga K, Nicolosi V. 2010. Gentle STEM: ADF imaging and EELS at low primary energies. Ultramicroscopy 110:935–945.
  • Kumagai K, Sekiguchi T. 2009. Sharing of secondary electrons by in-lens and out-lens detector in low-voltage scanning electron microscope equipped with immersion lens. Ultramicroscopy 109:368–372.
  • Ladinsky MS, Howell KE. 2007. Electron tomography of immunolabeled cyosections. In: McIntosh JR, editor. Vol. 79: Cellular electron microscopy. San Diego: Elsevier Inc. pp 543–558.
  • Lee MR, Smith CL. 2006. Scanning transmission electron microscopy using a SEM: Applications to mineralogy and petrology. Mineral Mag 70:579–590.
  • Marquis BJ, Love SA, Braun KL, Haynes CL. 2009. Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity. Analyst 134:425–439.
  • Mayhew TM, Mühlfeld C, Vanhecke D, Ochs M. 2009. A review of recent methods for efficiently quantifying immunogold and other nanoparticles using TEM sections through cells, tissues and organs. Ann Anat 191:153–170.
  • McIntosh JR. 2007. Cellular electron microscopy. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
  • McMahon G, Malis T. 1995. Ultramicrotomy of nanocrystalline materials. Microsc Res Tech 31:267–274.
  • Midgley PA, Ward EPW, Hungria AB, Thomas JM. 2007. Nanotomography in the chemical, biological and materials sciences. Chem Soc Rev 36:1477–1494.
  • Müller K, Skepper JN, Posfai M, Trivedi R, Howarth S, Corot C, Lancelot E, Thompson PW, Brown AP, Gillard JH. 2007. Effect of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Ferumoxtran-10) on human monocyte-macrophages in vitro. Biomaterials 28:1629–1642.
  • Oberdörster G, Stone V, Donaldson K. 2007. Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective. Nanotoxicology 1:2–25.
  • Pan Y-H, Sader K, Powell JJ, Bleloch A, Gass M, Trinick J, Warley A, Li A, Brydson R, Brown A. 2009. 3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: New evidence for a subunit revealed by single particle analysis of HAADF-STEM images. J Struct Biol 166:22–31.
  • Peters PJ, Pierson J. 2008. Immunogold labeling of thawed cryosections. In: Allen TD, editor. Vol. 887: Introduction to electron microscopy. San Diego: Elsevier Inc. pp 131–149.
  • Porter AE, Gass M, Muller K, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M. 2007a. Direct imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes in cells. Nature 2:713–717.
  • Porter AE, Gass M, Muller K, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M. 2007b. Visualising the uptake of C60 to the cytoplasm and nucleus of human monocyte-derived macrophage cells using energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. Environ Sci Technol 41:3012–3017.
  • Probst C, Gauvin R, Drew RAL. 2007. Imaging of carbon nanotubes with tin-palladium particles using STEM detector in a FE-SEM. Micron 38:402–408.
  • Reid N. 1975. Ultramicrotomy. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
  • Russias J, Frizon F, Cau-Dit-Coumes C, Malchère A, Douillard T, Joussot-Dubien C. 2008. Incorporation of aluminium into C-S-H structures: From synthesis to nanostructural characterization. J Am Ceram Soc 91:2337–2342.
  • Sader K, Reedy M, Popp D, Lucaveche C, Trinick J. 2007. Measuring the resolution of uncompressed plastic sections using an oscillating knife ultramicrotome. J Struct Biol 159:29–35.
  • Singh N, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Griffiths SM, Williams PM, Maffeis TGG, Wright CJ, Doak SH. 2009. NanoGenotoxicology: The DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. Biomaterials 30:3891–3914.
  • Stokes DJ. 2008. Principles and practice of variable pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy (VP-ESEM). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Takaoka A, Hasegawa T. 2006. Observations of unstained biological specimens using low-energy, high-resolution STEM. J Electron Microsc 55:157–163.
  • Wergin WP, Yaklich RW, Roy S, Joy DC, Erbe EF, Murphy CA, Pooley CD. 1997. Imaging thin and thick sections of biological tissue with the secondary electron detector in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Scanning 19:387–395.
  • Williams DB, Carter CB. 1996. Transmission electron microscopy. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Xia T, Li N, Nel AE. 2009. Potential health impact of nanoparticles. Annu Rev Public Health 30:137–150.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.