Comprehensive evaluation of in vitro toxicity of three large-scale produced carbon nanotubes on human Jurkat T cells and a comparison to crocidolite asbestos

References

• Antony PA, Restifo NP. 2005. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, immunotherapy of cancer, and interleukin-2. J Immunother 28(2):120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Belyanskaya L, Manser P, Spohn P, Bruinink A, Wick P. 2007. The reliability and limits of the MTT reduction assay for carbon nanotubes-cell interaction. Carbon 45(13):2643–2648.
   Google Scholar
• Blank F, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gehr P. 2007. Dendritic cells and macrophages form a transepithelial network against foreign particulate antigens. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36(6):669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottini M, Bruckner S, Nika K, Bottini N, Bellucci S, Magrini A, Bergamaschi A, Mustelin T. 2006. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 160(2):121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer IJ. 1989. Toxicity of dibutyltin, tributyltin and other organotin compounds to humans and to experimental animals. Toxicology 55(3):253–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carfi M, Gennari A, Malerba I, Corsini E, Pallardy M, Pieters R, Van Loveren H, Vohr HW, Hartung T, Gribaldo L. 2007. In vitro tests to evaluate immunotoxicity: A preliminary study. Toxicology 229(1–2):11–22.
   Google Scholar
• Casey A, Herzog E, Davoren M, Lyng FM, Byrne HJ, Chambers G. 2007. Spectroscopic analysis confirms the interactions between single walled carbon nanotubes and various dyes commonly used to assess cytotoxicity. Carbon 45(7):1425–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Ames BN. 1983. Detection of picomole levels of hydroperoxides using a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein assay. Anal Biochem 134(1):111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Cherukuri P, Gannon CJ, Leeuw TK, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA, Weisman RB. 2006. Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(50):18882–18886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Zerda A, Zavaleta C, Keren S, Vaithilingam S, Bodapati S, Liu Z, Levi J, Smith BR, Ma TJ, Oralkan O and others. 2008. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol 3(9):557–562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. 2007. Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nat Nanotechnol 2(8):469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J. 2007. Manufacturing the carbon nanotube market. Chemistry World 4(11).
   Google Scholar
• Fadeel B, Kagan V, Krug H, Shvedova A, Svartengren M, Tran L, Wiklund L. 2007. There's plenty of room at the forum: Potential risks and safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 1:73–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio I, Greco G, Tomatis M, Muller J, Raymundo-Pinero E, Beguin F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D, Fubini B. 2008. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: Physicochemical aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 21(9):1690–1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio I, Tomatis M, Lison D, Muller J, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Fubini B. 2006. Reactivity of carbon nanotubes: Free radical generation or scavenging activity? Free Radic Biol Med 40(7):1227–1233.
   Google Scholar
• Gennari A, Ban M, Braun A, Casati S, Corsini E, Dastych J, Descotes J, Hartung T, Hooghe-Peters R, House R, 2005. The use of in vitro systems for evaluating immunotoxicity: The report and recommendations of an ECVAM workshop. J Immunotoxicol 2(2):61–83.
   Google Scholar
• Gillis S, Watson J. 1980. Biochemical and biological characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. V. Identification of an interleukin 2-producing human leukemia T cell line. J Exp Med 152(6):1709–1719.
   Google Scholar
• Helland A, Wick P, Koehler A, Schmid K, Som C. 2007. Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect 115(8):1125–1131.
   Google Scholar
• Jorio A, Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS. 2004. Determination of nanotubes properties by Raman spectroscopy. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 362(1824):2311–2336.
   Google Scholar
• Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Konduru NV, Potapovich AI, Osipov AN, Kisin ER, Schwegler-Berry D, Mercer R, Castranova V, 2006. Direct and indirect effects of single walled carbon nanotubes on RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of iron. Toxicol Lett 165(1):88–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lison D, Muller J. 2008. Lung and systemic responses to carbon nanotubes (CNT) in mice. Toxicol Sci 101(1):179–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell LA, Gao J, Wal RV, Gigliotti A, Burchiel SW, McDonald JD. 2007. Pulmonary and systemic immune response to inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Sci 100(1):203–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagawa H, Misra M, Mohanty AK. 2005. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5(10):1593–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mühlfeld C, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B. 2008. Translocation and cellular entering mechanisms of nanoparticles in the respiratory tract. Swiss Med Wkly 138(27–28):387–391.
   Google Scholar
• Muller J, Huaux F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Moreau N, Delos M, Raymundo-Pinero E, Beguin F, Kirsch-Volders M, Fenoglio I, 2008. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: toxicological aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 21(9):1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Nemery B. 2006. Translocation of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 114(4):A211–212.
   Google Scholar
• Olejniczak K, Kasprzak A. 2008. Biological properties of interleukin 2 and its role in pathogenesis of selected diseases – a review. Med Sci Monit 14(10):RA179–189.
   Google Scholar
• Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K. 2008. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3(7):423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulskamp K, Diabate S, Krug HF. 2007. Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants. Toxicol Lett 168(1):58–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds ES. 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17:208–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Porter D, Schulte P, Kagan VE, Fadeel B, Castranova V. 2009. Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and medical applications of carbon nanotubes: Two faces of Janus? Pharmacol Therapeut 121(2):192–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi A, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Fukumori N, Ogata A, Ohashi N, Kitajima S, Kanno J. 2008. Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33(1):105–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valitutti S, Dessing M, Aktories K, Gallati H, Lanzavecchia A. 1995. Sustained signaling leading to T cell activation results from prolonged T cell receptor occupancy. Role of T cell actin cytoskeleton. J Exp Med 181(2):577–584.
   Google Scholar
• Voelkel K, Krug HF, Diabate S. 2003. Formation of reactive oxygen species in rat epithelial cells upon stimulation with fly ash. J Biosci 28(1):51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Warheit DB. 2008. How meaningful are the results of nanotoxicity studies in the absence of adequate material characterization? Toxicol Sci 101(2):183–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worle-Knirsch JM, Pulskamp K, Krug HF. 2006. Oops they did it again! Carbon nanotubes hoax scientists in viability assays. Nano Lett 6(6):1261–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavaleta C, de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Keren S, Cheng Z, Schipper M, Chen X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. 2008. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 8(9):2800–2805.
   Google Scholar
• Zeni O, Palumbo R, Bernini R, Zeni L, Sarti M, Scarfi MR. 2008. Cytotoxicity investigation on cultured human blood cells treated with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Sensors 8(1):488–499.
   Google Scholar