References
- Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr. 2005; 146: 732–7
- Health Canada and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Canada's physical activity guide for youth. Cat. No. H39-611/2002-IE. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa, Ont; 2002.
- Corbin CB, Pangrazi RP. Physical activity for children: a statement of guidelines for children aged 5–122nd ed. National Association for Sport and Physical Education, Reston, Va 2004
- Baranowski T, Hooks P, Tsong Y, et al. Aerobic physical activity among third- to sixth-grade children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987; 8: 203–6
- Trost SG, Pate RR, Sallis JF, et al. Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 350–5
- Rowlands AV, Pilgrim EL, Eston RG. Patterns of habitual activity across weekdays and weekend days in 9–11-year-old children. Prev Med. 2008; 46: 317–24
- Bailey RC, Olson J, Pepper SL, et al. The level and tempo of children's physical activities: an observational study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995; 27: 1033–41
- Berman N, Bailey R, Barstow TJ, et al. Spectral and bout detection analysis of physical activity patterns in healthy, prepubertal boys and girls. Am J Human Biol. 1998; 10: 289–97
- Rowlands AV. Accelerometer assessment of physical activity in children: an update. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2007; 19: 252–66
- Baquet G, Stratton G, Van Praagh E, et al. Improving physical activity assessment in prepubertal children with high-frequency accelerometry monitoring: a methodological issue. Prev Med. 2007; 44: 143–7
- Riddoch CJ, Mattocks C, Deere K, et al. Objective measurement of levels and patterns of physical activity. Arch Dis Child. 2007; 92: 963–9
- Dencker M, Andersen LB. Health-related aspects of objectively measured daily physical activity in children. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2008; 28: 133–44
- Andersen LB, Harro M, Sardinha LB, et al. Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). Lancet. 2006; 368: 299–304
- Leary SD, Ness AR, Smith GD, et al. Physical activity and blood pressure in childhood: findings from a population-based study. Hypertension. 2008; 51: 92–8
- Vita JA, Keaney JF, Jr. Endothelial function: a barometer for cardiovascular risk?. Circulation. 2002; 106: 640–2
- Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, et al. Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 1823–7
- Abbott RA, Harkness MA, Davies PS. Correlation of habitual physical activity levels with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5–10 year old children. Atherosclerosis. 2002; 160: 233–9
- Huonker M, Halle M, Keul J. Structural and functional adaptations of the cardiovascular system by training. Int J Sports Med. 1996; 17(Suppl 3)S164–72
- Mattocks C, Leary S, Ness A, et al. Calibration of an accelerometer during free-living activities in children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2007; 2: 218–26
- Masse LC, Fuemmeler BF, Anderson CB, et al. Accelerometer data reduction: a comparison of four reduction algorithms on select outcome variables. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37: S544–54
- Rudolf MC, Greenwood DC, Cole TJ, et al. Rising obesity and expanding waistlines in schoolchildren: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2004; 89: 235–7
- Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988; 60: 709–23
- Armstrong N, Faulkner S. Aerobic fitness. Paediatric Exercise Physiology, N Armstrong. Elsevier, LondonUK 2007; 166
- Rowland T. Aerobic Fitness. Children's Exercise Physiology2nd ed, T Rowland. Human Kinetics. 1999; 92
- Rowlands AV, Eston RG, Ingledew DK. Relationship between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-yr-old children. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 86: 1428–35
- Ramsay JE, Ferrell WR, Greer IA, et al. Factors critical to iontophoretic assessment of vascular reactivity: implications for clinical studies of endothelial dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2002; 39: 9–17
- Malkova D, Evans RD, Frayn KN, et al. Prior exercise and postprandial substrate extraction across the human leg. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279: E1020–8
- Rossi M, Santoro G, Maurizio S, et al. Spectral analysis of skin blood flowmotion before and after exercise in healthy trained and in sedentary subjects. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27: 540–5
- Kvernmo HD, Stefanovska A, Kirkeboen KA, et al. Enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in human skin vasculature induced by physical conditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998; 79: 30–6
- Reed KE, Warburton DE, Lewanczuk RZ, et al. Arterial compliance in young children: the role of aerobic fitness. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005; 12: 492–7
- Kingwell BA, Sherrard B, Jennings GL, et al. Four weeks of cycle training increases basal production of nitric oxide from the forearm. Am J Physiol. 1997; 272: H1070–7
- Goodyear LJ, Hirshman MF, Horton ES. Exercise-induced translocation of skeletal muscle glucose transporters. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: E795–9
- Gielen S, Hambrecht R. The childhood obesity epidemic: impact on endothelial function. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1911–3
- Brown MD. Exercise and coronary vascular remodelling in the healthy heart. Exp Physiol. 2003; 88: 645–58
- Goldberger AL, Peng CK, Lipsitz LA. What is physiologic complexity and how does it change with aging and disease?. Neurobiol Aging. 2002; 23: 23–6
- Goldberger AL. Fractal variability versus pathologic periodicity: complexity loss and stereotypy in disease. Perspect Biol Med. 1997; 40: 543–61
- Nagai N, Matsumoto T, Kita H, et al. Autonomic nervous system activity and the state and development of obesity in Japanese school children. Obes Res. 2003; 11: 25–32
- Nagai N, Moritani T. Effect of physical activity on autonomic nervous system function in lean and obese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28: 27–33
- Kaufman CL, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, et al. Relationships of cardiac autonomic function with metabolic abnormalities in childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 1164–71
- Ness AR, Leary SD, Mattocks C, et al. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Fat Mass in a Large Cohort of Children. PLoS Med. 2007; 4: e97
- Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, et al. Breaks in sedentary time: beneficial associations with metabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31: 661–6
- Riddoch CJ, Bo Andersen L, Wedderkopp N, et al. Physical activity levels and patterns of 9- and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36: 86–92
- Slyper AH. Clinical review 168: What vascular ultrasound testing has revealed about pediatric atherogenesis, and a potential clinical role for ultrasound in pediatric risk assessment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 3089–95
- McCarthy HD, Jarrett KV, Crawley HF. The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0–16.9 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001; 55: 902–7
- National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Working Group Report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatr. 1996;98:649–58.