Waist circumference as a screening tool for the identification of adolescents with the metabolic syndrome phenotype

References

• Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988; 37: 1595–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford FS, et al. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2001; 286: 1723–7
   Google Scholar
• Alberti, KG, Zimmet, PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; 15: 539–53
   Google Scholar
• Balkau B, Charles MA, Drivsholm TB, et al. Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in European cohorts, and an alternative definition of insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Metab. 2002; 28: 364–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the national Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csabi G, Torok K, Jeges S, et al. Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2000; 159: 91–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Moran M, Salazar-Vasquez B, Violante R, et al. Metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2516–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golley RK, Magarey AM, Steinback KS, et al. Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using six different definitions in overweight pre-pubertal children enrolled in a weight management study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30: 853–60
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla P, Lissau I, Flodmark CE, et al. Metabolic risk-factor clustering in children: to draw a line across pediatric metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31: 591–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber LS, Voors AW, Srinivasan SR, et al. Occurrence in children of multiple risk factors for coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Prev Med. 1979; 8: 407–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, et al. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999; 103: 1175–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsori M, Kafatos A. Dysmetabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Acta Paediatrica. 2005; 94: 995–1005
   Google Scholar
• Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger MS, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003; 157: 821–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2494–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz ML, Weigensberg MJ, Huang TT, et al. The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endicrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 108–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savva SC, Tornaritis M, Savva M, et al. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 1453–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno LA, Pineda I, Rodriguez G, et al. Waist circumference for the screening of the metabolic syndrome in children. Acta Paediatr. 2002; 91: 1307–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschler V, Aranda C, de Lujan Calcagno M, et al. Can waist circumference identify children with the metabolis syndrome?. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005; 159: 740–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serap S, Mevlut B, Inanc C, et al. Metabolic syndrome in childhood obesity. Indian Pediatr. 2007; 44: 657–62
   Google Scholar
• Stratton G, Canoy D, Boddy LM, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9-11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1172–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenmann JC. Aerobic fitness, fatness and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2007; 96: 1723–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamalakis G, Kafatos A, Manios Y, et al. Obesity indices in a cohort of primary school children in Crete: a six year prospective study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 765–71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafatos A, Codrington CA, Linardakis M. Obesity in childhood: the Greek experience. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2005; 94: 27–35
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy HD, Jarrett KV, Crawley HF. The development of waist circumference percentiles in british children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001; 55: 902–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 1004; 114: 565–76.
   Google Scholar
• Friedeweld W, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499–502
   Google Scholar
• Wallace TM, Matthews DR. The assessment of insulin resistance in man. Diabetic Med. 2002; 19: 527–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leger LA, Lambert J. A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1982; 49: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu NY, Plowman SA, Looney MA. The reliability and validity of the 20-meter shuttle run test in American students 12 to 15 years old. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1992; 63: 360–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HC. Validation of two running tests as estimates of maximal aerobic power in children. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986; 55: 503–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tresaco B, Bueno G, Pineda I, et al. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index cut-off values to identify the metabolic syndrome in children. J Physiol Biochem. 2005; 61: 381–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin M, Kurtoglu S, Kendirci M, et al. Homeostasis Model Assessment is more reliable than the fasting glucose/insulin ratio and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index for assessing insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 500–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaibi GQ, Goran MI. Examining metabolic syndrome definitions in overweight Hispanic youth: a focus on insulin resistance. J Pediatr. 2008; 152: 171–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, et al. Pediatric metabolic syndrome and associated anthropometric indices: The CASPIAN Study. Acta Paediatrica. 2006; 95: 1625–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBose KD, Stewart EE, Charbonneau SR, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in elementary school children. Acta Paediatrica. 2006; 95: 1005–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambert M, Paradis G, O'Loughlin J, et al. Insulin resistance syndrome in arepresentative sample of children and adolescents from Quebec, Canada. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28: 833–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan G, Li S, Zhou X-K. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among US adolescents, 1999–2000. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2438–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Peters D, Armstrong N, et al. Abdominal fat deposition in 11-year-old children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993; 17: 11–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy DH, Ellis SM, Cole TJ. Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11–16 years: cross sectional surveys on waist circumference. BMJ. 2003; 326: 1–4
   Google Scholar
• Maffeis C, Pietrobelli A, Grezzani A, et al. Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 179–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, et al. Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90: 10–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar D. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28: S70–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, et al. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 2289–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 802–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberger J, Daniels SR. Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003; 107: 1448–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle M, Gascon F, Martos R, et al. Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese prepubertal children: the role of high fasting insulin leves. Metabolism. 2002; 51: 423–8
   Google Scholar
• Allard P, Delvin EE, Paradis G, et al. Distribution of fasting plasma insulin, free fatty acids and glucose concentrations and of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in a representative sample of Quebec children and adolescents. Clin Chem. 2003; 49: 644–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbeck KS. The importance of physical activity in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood: a review and an opinion. Obes Rev. 2001; 2: 117–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer JT, Stone EJ, Yang M. Predictors of overweight and overfatness in a multiethnic pediatric population. Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health Collaborative Research Group. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 67: 602–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar