Hitting a moving target: Basic mechanisms of recovery from acquired developmental brain injury

References

• Broca P. Sur le siege de la faculté du language articulé. Bulletin of Social Anthropology 1865; 6: 337–393
   Google Scholar
• Berker EA, Berker AH, Smith A. Translation of Broca's 1865 report. Localization of speech in the third left frontal convolution. Archives of Neurology 1986; 43: 1065–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennard MA. Age and other factors in motor recovery from precentral lesions in monkeys. American Journal of Physiology 1936; 115: 138–146
   Google Scholar
• Kennard MA. Reorganization of motor function in the cerebral cortex of monkeys deprived of motor and premotor areas in infancy. Journal of Neurophysiology 1938; 1: 477–496
   Google Scholar
• Kennard MA, Fulton JF. Age and reorganization of central nervous system. Journal of Mt Sinai Hospital 1942; 9: 594–606
   Google Scholar
• Finger S. Margaret Kennard on sparing and recovery of function: A tribute on the 100th anniversary of her birth. Journal of Historical Neuroscience 1999; 8: 269–285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman PS. Functional development of the prefrontal cortex in early life and the problem of neuronal plasticity. Experimental Neurology 1971; 32: 366–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman PS. Functional recovery after lesions of the nervous systems. 3. Developmental processes in neural plasticity. Recovery of function after CNS lesions in infant monkeys. Neuroscience Research Program Bulletin 1974; 12: 217–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolb B, Petrie B, Cioe J. Recovery from early cortical damage in rats, VII. Comparison of the behavioural and anatomical effects of medial prefrontal lesions at different ages of neural maturation. Behavior and Brain Research 1996; 79: 1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennard MA, McCulloch WS. Motor response to stimulation of cerebral cortex in absence of areas 4 and 6. Journal of Neurophysiology 1943; 6: 181–189
   Google Scholar
• Kennard MA. Cortical reorganization of motor function: Studies on a series of monkeys of various ages from infancy to maturity. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1942; 48: 227–240
   Google Scholar
• Ip EY, Giza CC, Griesbach GS, Hovda DA. Effects of enriched environment and fluid percussion injury on dendritic arborization within the cerebral cortex of the developing rat. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Gibb R. Possible anatomical basis of recovery of function after neonatal frontal lesions in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 1993; 107: 799–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Stewart J, Sutherland RJ. Recovery of function is associated with increased spine density in cortical pyramidal cells after frontal lesions and/or noradrenaline depletion in neonatal rats. Behavior and Brain Research 1997; 89: 61–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Gibb R, Gorny G. Experience-dependent changes in dendritic arbor and spine density in neocortex vary qualitatively with age and sex. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2003; 79: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR, Rampon C, Kerchner GA, Zhuo M, Liu G, Tsien JZ. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 1999; 401: 63–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Gibb R, Gorny G, Whishaw IQ. Possible regeneration of rat medial frontal cortex following neonatal frontal lesions. Behavior and Brain Research 1998; 91: 127–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll I, Monfils MH, Flynn C, Teskey GC, Kolb B. Neurophysiological properties of cells filling the neonatal medial prefrontal cortex lesion cavity. Brain Research 2007; 1178: 38–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monfils MH, Driscoll I, Vandenberg PM, Thomas NJ, Danka D, Kleim JA, Kolb B. Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates functional recovery after neonatal lesions of motor cortex in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 134: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monfils MH, Driscoll I, Vavrek R, Kolb B, Fouad K. FGF-2-induced functional improvement from neonatal motor cortex injury via corticospinal projections. Experimental Brain Research 2008; 185: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monfils MH, Driscoll I, Kamitakahara H, Wilson B, Flynn C, Teskey GC, Kleim JA, Kolb B. FGF-2-induced cell proliferation stimulates anatomical, neurophysiological and functional recovery from neonatal motor cortex injury. European Journal of Neuroscience 2006; 24: 739–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennard MA. Relation of age to motor impairment in man and in subhuman primates. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1940; 48: 227–240
   Google Scholar
• Curtiss S, de BS, Mathern GW. Spoken language outcomes after hemispherectomy: Factoring in etiology. Brain and Language 2001; 79: 379–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh EB, Newhart M, Kleinman JT, Heidler-Gary J, Vining EP, Freeman JM, Kossoff EH, Hillis AE. Hemispherectomy sustained before adulthood does not cause persistent hemispatial neglect. Cortex 2009; 45: 677–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Huh L. Outcomes of epilepsy surgery in adults and children. Lancet Neurology 2008; 7: 525–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ER, Jennekens-Schinkel A, Gorter JW, Volman MJ, van NO, Helders PJ. Epilepsy surgery does not harm motor performance of children and adolescents. Brain 2005; 128: 1536–1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavelier D, Dye MW, Hauser PC. Do deaf individuals see better? Trends in Cognitive Science 2006; 10: 512–518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon O, Voss P, Lassonde M, Lepore F. Cross-modal plasticity for the spatial processing of sounds in visually deprived subjects. Experimental Brain Research 2009; 192: 343–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptito M, Fumal A, de Noordhout AM, Schoenen J, Gjedde A, Kupers R. TMS of the occipital cortex induces tactile sensations in the fingers of blind Braille readers. Experimental Brain Research 2008; 184: 193–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss P, Gougoux F, Zatorre RJ, Lassonde M, Lepore F. Differential occipital responses in early- and late-blind individuals during a sound-source discrimination task. Neuroimage 2008; 40: 746–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn AJ. Cerebral hypothermia for prevention of brain injury following perinatal asphyxia. Current Opinions in Pediatrics 2000; 12: 111–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucci RC, Perlman JM. Interventions for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 1004–1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucci RC. Experimental models of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. APMIS Supplement 1993; 40: 89–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. A model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997; 835: 234–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice JE, III, Vannucci RC, Brierley JB. The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Annals of Neurology 1981; 9: 131–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towfighi J, Mauger D, Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Influence of age on the cerebral lesions in an immature rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: A light microscopic study. Brain Research and Developmental Brain Research 1997; 100: 149–160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pulsinelli WA, Waldman S, Rawlinson D, Plum F. Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: A neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology 1982; 32: 1239–1246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucci RC, Vasta F, Vannucci SJ. Cerebral metabolic responses of hyperglycemic immature rats to hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatric Research 1987; 21: 524–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorhies TM, Rawlinson D, Vannucci RC. Glucose and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Neurology 1986; 36: 1115–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedergaard M, Gjedde A, Diemer NH. Hyperglycaemia protects against neuronal injury around experimental brain infarcts. Neurology Research 1987; 9: 241–244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yager JY, Thornhill JA. The effect of age on susceptibility to hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews 1997; 21: 167–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucuyener K, Atalay Y, Aral YZ, Hasanoglu A, Turkyilmaz C, Biberoglu G. Excitatory amino acids and taurine levels in cerebrospinal fluid of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborn. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 1999; 101: 171–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu Y, Li QF, Zeng CM, Gao J, Qi J, Luo DX, Mahankali S, Fox PT, Gao JH. Increased detectability of alpha brain glutamate/glutamine in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000; 21: 203–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danysz W, Parsons CG. Glycine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: Physiological significance and possible therapeutic applications. Pharmacology Reviews 1998; 50: 597–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Mittal R, Khanna HD, Basu S. Free radical injury and blood-brain barrier permeability in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e722–e727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean C, Ferriero D. Mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the term infant. Seminars in Perinatology 2004; 28: 425–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner HL, Weinberg JS. Head injury in the pediatric age group. Head injury, 4th, PR Cooper, JG Golfinos. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, San Francisco 2000; 419–456
   Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Hovda DA. Developing experimental models to address traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of Neurotrauma 2003; 20: 123–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd JN. The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health 2008; 42: 335–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell ER, Trauner DA, Gamst A, Jernigan TL. Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2002; 44: 4–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Leonard CM, Welcome SE, Kan E, Toga AW. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24: 8223–8231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J. Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury? Pediatrics 2005; 116: 1374–1382
   Google Scholar
• Anderson V, Spencer-Smith M, Leventer R, Coleman L, Anderson P, Williams J, Greenham M, Jacobs R. Childhood brain insult: Can age at insult help us predict outcome? Brain 2009; 132: 45–56
   Google Scholar
• Keenan HT, Bratton SL. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuroscience 2006; 28: 256–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Wigg NR, Kobayashi K. Memory and intellectual ability after head injury in children and adolescents. Neurosurgery 1982; 11: 668–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing-Cobbs L, Barnes M, Fletcher JM, Levin HS, Swank PR, Song J. Modeling of longitudinal academic achievement scores after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuropsychology 2004; 25: 107–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin HS, High WM, Jr, Ewing-Cobbs L, Fletcher JM, Eisenberg HM, Miner ME, Goldstein FC. Memory functioning during the first year after closed head injury in children and adolescents. Neurosurgery 1988; 22: 1043–1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Lee SM, Cheng CL, Becker DP, Hovda DA. Fluid percussion brain injury in the developing and adult rat: A comparative study of mortality, morphology, intracranial pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Brain Research and Developmental Brain Research 1996; 95: 272–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margulies SS, Thibault KL. Infant skull and suture properties: Measurements and implications for mechanisms of pediatric brain injury. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2000; 122: 364–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Hovda DA. Mapping cerebral glucose metabolism during spatial learning: Interactions of development and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 31–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S, Prins ML, Samii M, Hovda DA. Cerebral metabolic response to traumatic brain injury sustained early in development: A 2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiographic study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 649–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adelson PD, Jenkins LW, Hamilton RL, Robichaud P, Tran MP, Kochanek PM. Histopathologic response of the immature rat to diffuse traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 967–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Pohl D, Stadthaus D, Ishimaru M, Shimizu H, Ikeda M, et al. Apoptotic neurodegeneration following trauma is markedly enhanced in the immature brain. Annals of Neurology 1999; 45: 724–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurkoff GG, Giza CC, Hovda DA. Lateral fluid percussion injury in the developing rat causes an acute, mild behavioral dysfunction in the absence of significant cell death. Brain Research 2006; 1077: 24–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ambrosio R, Maris DO, Grady MS, Winn HR, Janigro D. Selective loss of hippocampal long-term potentiation, but not depression, following fluid percussion injury. Brain Research 1998; 786: 64–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ambrosio R, Fairbanks JP, Fender JS, Born DE, Doyle DL, Miller JW. Post-traumatic epilepsy following fluid percussion injury in the rat. Brain 2004; 127: 304–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves TM, Lyeth BG, Povlishock JT. Long-term potentiation deficits and excitability changes following traumatic brain injury. Experimental Brain Research 1995; 106: 248–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Prins ML. Is being plastic fantastic? Mechanisms of altered plasticity after developmental traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuroscience 2006; 28: 364–379
   Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Maria NS, Hovda DA. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit changes after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Journal of Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 950–961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Zou L, Yuan X, Long Y, Yang K. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: Transient loss of NR1/NR2A/NR2B subunits after traumatic brain injury in a rodent model. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2002; 67: 781–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osteen CL, Giza CC, Hovda DA. Injury-induced alterations in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit composition contribute to prolonged (45)calcium accumulation following lateral fluid percussion. Neuroscience 2004; 128: 305–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duhaime AC, Margulies SS, Durham SR, O’Rourke MM, Golden JA, Marwaha S, Raghupathi R. Maturation-dependent response of the piglet brain to scaled cortical impact. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 93: 455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adelson PD, Robichaud P, Hamilton RL, Kochanek PM. A model of diffuse traumatic brain injury in the immature rat. Journal of Neurosurgery 1996; 85: 877–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Prins ML, Hovda DA, Herschman HR, Feldman JD. Genes preferentially induced by depolarization after concussive brain injury: Effects of age and injury severity. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 387–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy JW, Stadler-Morris S, Albert P. Ontogeny of spatial navigation behaviors in the rat: Dissociation of ‘proximal’- and ‘distal’-cue-based behaviors. Behavioral Neuroscience 1987; 101: 62–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Hovda DA. Traumatic brain injury in the developing rat: Effects of maturation on Morris water maze acquisition. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 799–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asarnow RF, Satz P, Light K, Lewis R, McLeary C. The UCLA study of mild head injury in children and adolescents. Traumatic head injury in children, SH Bronan, ME Michel. Oxford University Press, New York 1995; 117–145
   Google Scholar
• Collins MW, Grindel SH, Lovell MR, Dede DE, Moser DJ, Phalin BR, Nogle S, et al. Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA 1999; 282: 964–970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matser EJ, Kessels AG, Lezak MD, Jordan BD, Troost J. Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players. JAMA 1999; 282: 971–973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field M, Collins MW, Lovell MR, Maroon J. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Pediatrics 2003; 142: 546–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman SM, Tanner CM, Oakes D, Bhudhikanok GS, Gupta A, Langston JW. Head injury and Parkinson's disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology 2006; 60: 65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: 128–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Vink R. Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: A review. Progress in Brain Research 2007; 161: 303–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFord SM, Wilson MS, Rice AC, Clausen T, Rice LK, Barabnova A, Bullock R, Hamm RJ. Repeated mild brain injuries result in cognitive impairment in B6C3F1 mice. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 427–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurer HL, Bareyre FM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Longhi L, Hoover R, Saatman KE, et al. Mild head injury increasing the brain's vulnerability to a second concussive impact. Journal of Neurosurgery 2001; 95: 859–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghupathi R, Mehr MF, Helfaer MA, Margulies SS. Traumatic axonal injury is exacerbated following repetitive closed head injury in the neonatal pig. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 307–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagnozzi R, Tavazzi B, Signoretti S, Amorini AM, Belli A, Cimatti M, Delfini R, Di PV, Finocchiaro A, Lazzarino G. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussions: Mitochondrial-related impairment–part I. Neurosurgery 2007; 61: 379–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston MV. Injury and plasticity in the developing brain. Experimental Neurology 2003; 184(Suppl 1)S37–S41
   Google Scholar
• McDonald JW, Johnston MV. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity in the developing brain. NIDA Research Monographs 1993; 133: 185–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheng M, Cummings J, Roldan LA, Jan YN, Jan LY. Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex. Nature 1994; 368: 144–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law AJ, Weickert CS, Webster MJ, Herman MM, Kleinman JE, Harrison PJ. Expression of NMDA receptor NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunit mRNAs during development of the human hippocampal formation. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 18: 1197–1205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cull-Candy S, Brickley S, Farrant M. NMDA receptor subunits: Diversity, development and disease. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 2001; 11: 327–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheetz AJ, Constantine-Paton M. Modulation of NMDA receptor function: Implications for vertebrate neural development. FASEB Journal 1994; 8: 745–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follett PL, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE. NBQX attenuates excitotoxic injury in developing white matter. Journal of Neuroscience 2000; 20: 9235–9241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning SM, Talos DM, Zhou C, Selip DB, Park HK, Park CJ, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE. NMDA receptor blockade with memantine attenuates white matter injury in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28: 6670–6678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Ari Y, Khazipov R, Leinekugel X, Caillard O, Gaiarsa JL. GABAA, NMDA and AMPA receptors: A developmentally regulated ‘menage a trois’. Trends in Neuroscience 1997; 20: 523–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: The nature of the nurture. Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 2002; 3: 728–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean JM, Fraser M, Shelling AN, Bennet L, George S, Shaikh S, Scheepens A, Gunn AJ. Ontogeny of AMPA and NMDA receptor gene expression in the developing sheep white matter and cerebral cortex. Brain Research and Molecular Brain Research 2005; 139: 242–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rho JM, Storey TW. Molecular ontogeny of major neurotransmitter receptor systems in the mammalian central nervous system: Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glycine. Journal of Child Neurology 2001; 16: 271–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksson A, Archer T, Alm H, Gordh T, Eriksson P. Neurofunctional deficits and potentiated apoptosis by neonatal NMDA antagonist administration. Behavior and Brain Research 2004; 153: 367–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vockler J, Dikranian K, Tenkova TI, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 1999; 283: 70–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, Olney JW, Wozniak DF. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23: 876–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefovska VG, Uckermann O, Czuczwar M, Smitka M, Czuczwar P, Kis J, Kaindl AM, Turski L, Turski WA, Ikonomidou C. Sedative and anticonvulsant drugs suppress postnatal neurogenesis. Annals of Neurology 2008; 64: 434–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski DA, Jones TA, Schallert T. Pruning of dendrites and restoration of function after brain damage: Role of the NMDA receptor. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 1994; 7: 119–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston MV. Clinical disorders of brain plasticity. Brain Development 2004; 26: 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Griesbach GS, Hovda DA. Experience-dependent behavioral plasticity is disturbed following traumatic injury to the immature brain. Behavior and Brain Research 2005; 157: 11–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister TW, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Sparling MB, Johnson SC, Guerin SJ, Mamourian AC, Weaver JB, Yanofsky N. Brain activation during working memory 1 month after mild traumatic brain injury: A functional MRI study. Neurology 1999; 53: 1300–1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz P, Pardini JE, Lovell MR, Collins MW, Podell K. Sensitivity and specificity of the ImPACT Test Battery for concussion in athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2006; 21: 91–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babikian T, Asarnow RF. Neurocognitive outcomes and recovery from pediatric TBI: Meta-analytics review of the literature. Neuropsychology 2009; 23(3)283–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan RC. Attentional deficits in patients with persisting postconcussive complaints: A general deficit or specific component deficit? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2002; 24: 1081–1093
   Google Scholar
• Pizzorusso T, Medini P, Berardi N, Chierzi S, Fawcett JW, Maffei L. Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science 2002; 298: 1248–1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury EJ, Moon LD, Popat RJ, King VR, Bennett GS, Patel PN, Fawcett JW, McMahon SB. Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature 2002; 416: 636–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos CM, Tsai SY, Cheatwood JL, Bollnow MR, Kolb BE, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Dendritic plasticity in the adult rat following middle cerebral artery occlusion and nogo-A neutralization. Cerebral Cortex 2006; 16(4)529–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milev P, Maurel P, Chiba A, Mevissen M, Popp S, Yamaguchi Y, Margolis RK, Margolis RU. Differential regulation of expression of hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans in developing brain: Aggrecan, versican, neurocan, and brevican. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998; 247: 207–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B, Sheppard AM, Bicknese AR, Pearlman AL. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the developing cerebral cortex: The distribution of neurocan distinguishes forming afferent and efferent axonal pathways. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1995; 355: 615–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson MT, Snow DM. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression pattern in hippocampal development: Potential regulation of axon tract formation. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2000; 424: 532–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander C, Kind P, Maleski M, Hockfield S. A family of activity-dependent neuronal cell-surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in cat visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 17: 1928–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto M, Sakiyama J, Kurazono S, Mori S, Nakata Y, Nakaya N, Oohira A. Developmentally regulated expression of brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan and phosphacan, in the postnatal rat hippocampus. Cell and Tissue Research 2001; 306: 217–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto M, Sakiyama J, Mori S, Kurazono S, Usui S, Hasegawa M, Oohira A. Kainic acid-induced convulsions cause prolonged changes in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan in the limbic structures. Experimental Neurology 2003; 184: 179–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern DA, Asher RA, Fawcett JW. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in the CNS injury response. Progress in Brain Research 2002; 137: 313–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aya-ay J, Mayer J, Eakin AK, Muffly BG, Anello M, Sandy JD, Gottschall PE. The effect of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in perinatal rats on the abundance and proteolysis of brevican and NG2. Experimental Neurology 2005; 193: 149–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui F, Kakizawa H, Nishizuka M, Hirano K, Shuo T, Ida M, Tokita Y, Aono S, Keino H, Oohira A. Changes in the amounts of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in rat brain after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 81: 837–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppe G, Bruckner G, Brauer K, Hartig W, Bigl V. Developmental patterns of proteoglycan-containing extracellular matrix in perineuronal nets and neuropil of the postnatal rat brain. Cell and Tissue Research 1997; 288: 33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celio MR, Blumcke I. Perineuronal nets—a specialized form of extracellular matrix in the adult nervous system. Brain Research Reviews 1994; 19: 128–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tropea D, Caleo M, Maffei L. Synergistic effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and chondroitinase ABC on retinal fiber sprouting after denervation of the superior colliculus in adult rats. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23: 7034–7044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris NG, Aguilar J, Hovda DA. Cortical sprouting and growth inhibitory proteins occur in spatially disparate regions after experimental TBI [abstract]. Journal of Neurotrauma 2006; 23(6)1019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris N, Carmichael S, Hovda D, Sutton RL. Traumatic brain injury results in disparate regions of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan expression that are temporally limited. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2009, epub May 4, 2009, in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspberg A, Tottmar O. Development of antioxidant enzymes in rat brain and in reaggregation culture of fetal brain cells. Brain Research and Developmental Brain Research 1992; 66: 55–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mavelli I, Rigo A, Federico R, Ciriolo MR, Rotilio G. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat brain. Biochemistry Journal 1982; 204: 535–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreiem A, Gertz CC, Seegal RF. The effects of methylmercury on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species formation in rat striatal synaptosomes are age-dependent. Toxicology Science 2005; 87: 156–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan P, Yamauchi T, Noble LJ, Ferriero DM. Age-dependent differences in glutathione peroxidase activity after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2003; 20: 437–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiron C, Raynaud C, Maziere B, Zilbovicius M, Laflamme L, Masure MC, Dulac O, Bourguignon M, Syrota A. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during brain maturation in children and adolescents. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33: 696–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udomphorn Y, Armstead WM, Vavilala MS. Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Neurology 2008; 38: 225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugani HT, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC. Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology 1987; 22: 487–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehlig A, Pereira DV, Boyet S. Postnatal changes in local cerebral blood flow measured by the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]iodoantipyrine technique in freely moving rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism 1989; 9: 579–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehlig A, Lehr PR, Gayet J. Glucose and amino acid metabolism in chick telencephalon slices: Changes with incubation conditions and animals' development. Neurochemistry Research 1987; 12: 641–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth RF, Patel TB, Clark JB. The development of enzymes of energy metabolism in the brain of a precocial (guinea pig) and non-precocial (rat) species. Journal of Neurochemistry 1980; 34: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucci SJ, Simpson IA. Developmental switch in brain nutrient transporter expression in the rat. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003; 285: E1127–E1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremer JE, Braun LD, Oldendorf WH. Changes during development in transport processes of the blood–brain barrier. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1976; 448: 633–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins RA, Williamson DH, Krebs HA. Ketone-body utilization by adult and suckling rat brain in vivo. Biochemistry Journal 1971; 122: 13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehlig A, Boyet S, Pereira DV. Autoradiographic measurement of local cerebral beta-hydroxybutyrate uptake in the rat during postnatal development. Neuroscience 1991; 40: 871–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong SF, Clark JB. Regional enzyme development in rat brain. Enzymes associated with glucose utilization. Biochemistry Journal 1984; 218: 131–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Giza CC. Induction of monocarboxylate transporter 2 expression and ketone transport following traumatic brain injury in juvenile and adult rats. Developmental Neuroscience 2006; 28: 447–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML. Cerebral metabolic adaptation and ketone metabolism after brain injury. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism 2008; 28: 1–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rho JM, Kim DW, Robbins CA, Anderson GD, Schwartzkroin PA. Age-dependent differences in flurothyl seizure sensitivity in mice treated with a ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Research 1999; 37: 233–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Suzuki M, Sato K, Dohi S, Sato T, Matsuura A, Hiraide A. Effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate, a cerebral function improving agent, on cerebral hypoxia, anoxia and ischemia in mice and rats. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 87: 143–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maalouf M, Sullivan PG, Davis L, Kim DY, Rho JM. Ketones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Neuroscience 2007; 145: 256–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelberg KS, Hovda DA, Prins ML. The effects of a ketogenic diet on behavioral outcome after controlled cortical impact injury in the juvenile and adult rat. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009; 26(4)497–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins ML, Fujima LS, Hovda DA. Age-dependent reduction of cortical contusion volume by ketones after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82: 413–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis LM, Pauly JR, Readnower RD, Rho JM, Sullivan PG. Fasting is neuroprotective following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2008; 86: 1812–1822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash A, Matta BF. Hyperglycaemia and neurological injury. Current Opinions in Anaesthesiology 2008; 21: 565–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran A, Scaife ER, Hansen KW, Downey EC. Hyperglycemia and outcomes from pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma 2003; 55: 1035–1038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henderson ST. Ketone bodies as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2008; 5: 470–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P. Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer: Review and hypothesis. Nutrition and Metabolism (London) 2005; 2: 30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature and Neuroscience 1999; 2: 861–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice D, Barone S, Jr. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000; 108(Suppl 3)511–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves TM, Phillips LL, Povlishock JT. Myelinated and unmyelinated axons of the corpus callosum differ in vulnerability and functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. Experimental Neurology 2005; 196: 126–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu D, Tan LH, Zhou K, Khong PL. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal white matter maturation from late childhood to young adulthood: Voxel-wise evaluation of mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, radial and axial diffusivities, and correlation with reading development. Neuroimage 2008; 41: 223–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujimoto S. The prefrontal cortex: Functional neural development during early childhood. Neuroscientist 2008; 14: 345–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC, Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nature and Neuroscience 2000; 3: 799–806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirulli F, Francia N, Berry A, Aloe L, Alleva E, Suomi SJ. Early life stress as a risk factor for mental health: Role of neurotrophins from rodents to non-human primates. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews 2009; 33: 573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumagalli F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA. Stress during development: Impact on neuroplasticity and relevance to psychopathology. Progress in Neurobiology 2007; 81: 197–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biology and Psychiatry 2001; 49: 1023–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredy TW, Grant RJ, Champagne DL, Meaney MJ. Maternal care influences neuronal survival in the hippocampus of the rat. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 18: 2903–2909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirescu C, Peters JD, Gould E. Early life experience alters response of adult neurogenesis to stress. Nature and Neuroscience 2004; 7: 841–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchi I, Francia N, Alleva E. Epigenetic control of neurobehavioural plasticity: The role of neurotrophins. Behavioral Pharmacology 2004; 15: 353–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirulli F, Berry A, Alleva E. Early disruption of the mother-infant relationship: Effects on brain plasticity and implications for psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews 2003; 27: 73–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: Joining forces with neuroscience. Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 2006; 7: 583–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J. Stress and its consequences: An evolving story. Biology and Psychiatry 2006; 60: 669–670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond MC, Krech D, Rosenzweig MR. The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1964; 123: 111–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenough WT, Volkmar FR, Juraska JM. Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat. Experimental Neurology 1973; 41: 371–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West RW, Greenough WT. Effect of environmental complexity on cortical synapses of rats: Preliminary results. Behavioral Biology 1972; 7: 279–284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tees RC, Buhrmann K, Hanley J. The effect of early experience on water maze spatial learning and memory in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 1990; 23: 427–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmar FR, Greenough WT. Rearing complexity affects branching of dendrites in the visual cortex of the rat. Science 1972; 176: 1145–1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs B, Schall M, Scheibel AB. A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans. II. Gender, hemispheric, and environmental factors. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1993; 327: 97–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond MC, Johnson RE, Ingham CA. Morphological changes in the young, adult and aging rate cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and diencephalon. Behavioral Biology 1975; 14: 163–174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond MC, Johnson RE, Young D, Singh SS. Age-related morphologic differences in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus: Male-female; right-left. Experimental Neurology 1983; 81: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis TL, Maurer D. Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: Evidence from visually deprived children. Developmental Psychobiology 2005; 46: 163–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainor LJ. Are there critical periods for musical development? Developmental Psychobiology 2005; 46: 262–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werker JF, Tees RC. Speech perception as a window for understanding plasticity and commitment in language systems of the brain. Developmental Psychobiology 2005; 46: 233–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Gibb R. Tactile stimulation after posterior parietal cortical injury in infant rats stimulates functional recovery and altered cortical morphology. In preparation. 2009
   Google Scholar
• Johansson BB, Belichenko PV. Neuronal plasticity and dendritic spines: Effect of environmental enrichment on intact and postischemic rat brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2002; 22: 89–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passineau MJ, Green EJ, Dietrich WD. Therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment on cognitive function and tissue integrity following severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Experimental Neurology 2001; 168: 373–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AK, Kline AE, Sokoloski J, Zafonte RD, Capulong E, Dixon CE. Intervention with environmental enrichment after experimental brain trauma enhances cognitive recovery in male but not female rats. Neuroscience Letters 2002; 334: 165–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Forgie M, Gibb R, Gorny G, Rowntree S. Age, experience and the changing brain. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews 1998; 22: 143–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osteen CL, Moore AH, Prins ML, Hovda DA. Age-dependency of 45calcium accumulation following lateral fluid percussion: Acute and delayed patterns. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 141–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineman I, Giza CC, Nahed BV, Lee SM, Hovda DA. Inhibition of neocortical plasticity during development by a moderate concussive brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 739–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley CA, Ward AB, Magnay AR, Long J. Outcomes following childhood head injury: A population study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2004; 75: 737–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Burant C. Bidirectional child-family influences on outcomes of traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society 2001; 7: 755–767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga LW, Da Paz AC, Ylvisaker M. Direct clinician-delivered versus indirect family-supported rehabilitation of children with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Injury 2005; 19: 819–831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade SL, Michaud L, Brown TM. Putting the pieces together: Preliminary efficacy of a family problem-solving intervention for children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006; 21: 57–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooft IV, Andersson K, Bergman B, Sejersen T, Von WL, Bartfai A. Beneficial effect from a cognitive training programme on children with acquired brain injuries demonstrated in a controlled study. Brain Injury 2005; 19: 511–518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotz GA, Castelblanco A, Lara IM, Weiss AD, Duncan R, Kuluz JW. Snoezelen: A controlled multi-sensory stimulation therapy for children recovering from severe brain injury. Brain Injury 2006; 20: 879–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell C, Tees R, Kolb B. Prenatal choline treatment enhances recovery from perinatal frontal injury in rats. In preparation. 2009
   Google Scholar
• Field TM, Schanberg SM, Scafidi F, Bauer CR, Vega-Lahr N, Garcia R, Nystrom J, Kuhn CM. Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 654–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanberg SM, Field TM. Sensory deprivation stress and supplemental stimulation in the rat pup and preterm human neonate. Child Development 1987; 58: 1431–1447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb and Kolb 2009, unpublished data, personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Chou IC, Trakht T, Signori C, Smith J, Felt BT, Vazquez DM, Barks JD. Behavioral/environmental intervention improves learning after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Stroke 2001; 32: 2192–2197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar