Measures of spectral change and their application to habitual, slow, and clear speaking modes

References

• Adams, S., Weismer, G., & Kent, R. (1993). Speaking rate and speech movement velocity profiles. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 36, 41–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agwuele, A., Sussman, H., & Lindblom, B. (2008). The effect of speaking rate on consonant vowel coarticulation. Phonetica, 65, 194–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow, A., Krause, N., & Hayes, E. (2003). Speaking clearly for children with learning disabilities: Sentence perception in noise. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 80–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd, D., & Tan, C. (1996). Saying consonant clusters quickly. Journal of Phonetics, 13, 139–169.
   Google Scholar
• Fant, G. (1970). Acoustic theory of speech production with calculations based on x-ray studies of russian articulationsThe HagueMouton
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. (2004). Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: Vowel intelligibility for normal-hearing listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116, 2365–2373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S., & Kewley-Port, D. (2002). Vowel intelligibility in clear and conversational speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112, 259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S., & Kewley-Port, D. (2007). Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: Acoustic characteristics of vowels. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1241–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourakis, M. (1991). Tempo, stress, and vowel reduction in American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90, 1816–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné, J. -P., Masterson, V.M., Munhall, K.G., Bilida, N., & Querengesser, C. (1994). Across talker variability in auditory, visual, and audiovisual speech intelligibility for conversational and clear speech. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 27, 135–158.
   Google Scholar
• Gay, T. (1978). Effect of speaking rate on vowel formant movements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 83, 223–230.
   Google Scholar
• Goberman, A., & Elmer, L. (2005). Acoustic analysis of clear versus conversational speech in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Communication Disorders, 38, 215–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R., Kent, J., Duffy, J., Thomas, J., Weismer, G., & Stuntebeck, S. (2000). Ataxic dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, 1275–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel, G., & Zedeck, S. (1989). Data analysis for research designs: Analysis of variance and multiple regression/correlation approachesNew YorkW. H. Freeman and Company
   Google Scholar
• Krause, J., & Braida, L. (2004). Acoustic properties of naturally produced clear speech at normal speaking rates. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115, 362–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, J., & Braida, L.D. (2002). Investigation of alternative forms of clear speech: The effects of speaking rate and speaking mode on intelligibility. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112, 2165–2172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn, D., & Moll, K. (1976). A cineradiographic study of VC and CV articulatory velocities. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 303–320.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom, B. (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 35, 1773–1781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblom, B. (1990). Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of H and H Theory. Speech production and speech modellingIn W. Hardcastle, & A. Marchal (Eds.), (pp. 403–409). DordrechtKluwer
   Google Scholar
• Löfqvist, A., & Mandersson, B. (1987). Long-time average spectrum of speech and voice analysis. Folia Phoniatrica, 39, 221–229.
   Google Scholar
• Milenkovic, P. (2003). Time-frequency analysis for 32-bit windowsMadison, WIUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
   Google Scholar
• Moon, S., & Lindblom, B. (1994). Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96, 40–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neel, A. (2008). Vowel space characteristics and vowel identification accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 574–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norusis, M. (2003). SPSS 12.0 Statistical procedures companionNew JerseyPrentice Hall
   Google Scholar
• Perkell, J., Zandipour, M., Matthies, M., & Lane, H. (2002). Economy of effort in different speaking conditions. I: A preliminary study of intersubject differences and modeling issues. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112, 1627–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picheny, M., Durlach, N., & Braida, L. (1986). Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing II: Acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 434–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers, M. (1997). The vowel lengthening exaggeration effect in speakers with apraxia of speech: Compensation, artifact, or primary deficit? Aphasiology, 11, 433–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, K., Kent, R., Delaney, A., & Duffy, J. (2006). Parametric quantitative acoustic analysis of conversation produced by speakers with dysarthria and healthy speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 395–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, K., Murdoch, B., Folker, J., Vogel, A., Cahill, L., Delatycki, M., (2010). Automatic method of pause measurement for normal and dysarthric speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 2, 141–154.
   Google Scholar
• Shaiman, S., Adams, S., & Kimelman, M. (1997). Velocity profiles of lip protrusion across changes in speaking rate. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 123–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A., Epstein, E., Myers, L., Farmer, J., & Lynch, D. 2010. Clinical measures of dysarthria in Friedreich ataxia. Movement Disorders, 25, 108–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluijter, A.M.C., & van Heuven, V.J. (1996). Spectral balance as an acoustical correlate of linguistic stress. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100, 2471–2485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonoda, Y., & Nakakido, K. (1986). Effect of speaking rate on jaw movements in vowel sequence. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 7, 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, K. (1989). On the quantal nature of speech. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 3–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjaden, K., & Weismer, G. (1998). Speaking-rate-induced variability in F2 trajectories. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 976–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjaden, K., & Wilding, G. (2004). Rate and loudness manipulations in dysarthria: Acoustic and perceptual findings. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 47, 766–783.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, G., & Weismer, G. (1993). Characteristics of speaking rate in dysarthria associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1134–1144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner, G., Tjaden, K., & Weismer, G. (1995). The influence of speaking rate on vowel space and speech intelligibility for individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1001–1013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weismer, G., & Berry, J. (2003). Effects of speaking rate on second formant trajectories of selected vocalic nuclei. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 3362–3378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer, G., Kent, R., Hodge, M., & Martin, R. (1988). The acoustic signature for intelligibility test words. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, 1281–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer, G., Laures, J., Jeng, J. -Y., Kent, R., & Kent J. (2000). Effect of speaking rate manipulations on acoustic and perceptual aspects of dysarthria in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Folia Phoniatrics, 52, 201–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorkston, K.M., Miller, R.M., & Strand, E.A. (1995) Management of speech and swallowing in degenerative diseasesTucson, AZCommunication Skill Builders
   Google Scholar