The human mitochondrial genome may code for more than 13 proteins

References

• Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, et al. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew SJ, Rothnagel JA. (2014). Emerging evidence for functional peptides encoded by short open reading frames. Nat Rev Genet 15:193–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodzioch M, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Zapala B, Kamysz W, Kiec-Wilk B, Dembinska-Kiec A. (2009). Evidence for potential functionality of nuclearly-encoded humanin isoforms. Genomics 94:247–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton S, Milani L, Ghiselli F, Guerra D, Stewart DT, Passamonti M. (2014). A resourceful genome: Updating the functional repertoire and evolutionary role of animal mitochondrial DNAs. Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Faure E, Delaye L, Tribolo S, Levasseur A, Seligmann H, Barthélémy RM. (2011). Probable presence of an ubiquitous cryptic mitochondrial gene on the antisense strand of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Biol Direct 24:56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gissi C, Iannelli F, Pesole G. (2008). Evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metzoa as exemplified by comparison of congeneric species. Heredity 101:301–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez DL, Giannerini S, Rosa R. (2012). On the origin of the mitochondrial genetic code: Towards a unified mathematical framework for the management of genetic information. Nature Proc, doi:10.1038/npre.2012.7136.1
   Google Scholar
• Guo B, Zhai D, Cabezas E, Welsh K, Nouraini S, Satterhwait AC, Reed JC. (2003). Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation. Nature 423:456–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada M, Habata Y, Hosova M, Nishi K, Fujii R, Kobayashi M, et al. (2004). N-Formylated humanin activates both formyl peptide receptor-like 1 and 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324:255–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto Y, Niikura T, Tajima H, Yasukawa T, Sudo H, Ito Y, Kita Y, et al. (2001). A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Aβ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6336–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Plaza S, Zanet J, Benrabah E, Valenti P, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi S, et al. (2010). Small peptides switch the transcriptional activity of Shavenbaby during Drosophila embryognesis. Science 16:336–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Yen K, Cohen P. (2013). Humanin: a harbinger of mitochondrial-derived peptides? Trends Endrocrinol Metab 24:222–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maximov V, Martynenko A, Hunsmann G, Tarantul V. (2002). Mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene encodes a functional peptide, a potential drug for Alzheimer’s disease and target for cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 59:670–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira S, Breton S, Burger G. (2012). Unscrambling genetic information at the RNA level. WIRES RNA 3:213–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mottaghi-Dastjerdi N, Soltany-Rezaee-Rad M, Sepehrizadeh Z, Roshander G, Ebrahimifard F, Setavesh N. (2014). Genome expression analysis by suppression subtractive hybridization identified overexpression of Humanin, a target gene in gastric cancer chemoresistance. Daru 22:14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto I, Matsuoka M, Niikura T. (2004). Unravelling the role of humanin. Trends Mol Med 10:102–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffler I. (2008). Mitochondria. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss
   Google Scholar
• Seligmann H. (2012a). Putative mitochondrial polypeptides coded by expanded quadruplet codons, decoded by antisense tRNAs with unusual anticodons. Biosystems 110:84–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligmann H. (2012b). Overlapping genetic codes for overlapping frameshifted genes in Testudines, and Lepidochelys olivacea as special case. Comput Biol Chem 41:18–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligmann H. (2013a). Putative protein-encoding genes within mitochondrial rDNA and the D-Loop region. In: Lin Z, Liu W, editors. Ribosomes: molecular structure, role in biological functions and implications for genetic diseases. New York: Nova Publishers. p 67–86
   Google Scholar
• Seligmann H. (2013b). Polymerization of non-complementary RNA: systematic symmetric nucleotide exchanges mainly involving uracil produce mitochondrial RNA transcripts coding for cryptic overlapping genes. Biosystems 111:156–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligmann H. (2013c). Systematic asymmetric nucleotide exchanges produce human mitochondrial RNAs cryptically encoding for overlapping protein coding genes. J Theor Biol 324:1–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligmann H, Labra A. (2013). Tetracoding increases with body temperature in Lepidosauria. Biosystems 114:155–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young L, Leonhard K, Tatsuta T, Trowsdate J, Langer T. (2001). Role of the ABC transporter Mdl1 in peptide export from mitochondria. Science 291:2135–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar