Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Analysis of ALS cases in a predominantly admixed population of Ecuador

References

• Brain WR, Walton JN. Brain’s diseases of the nervous system. 1969. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland LP, Shneider NA. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1688–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland LP. How amyotrophic lateral sclerosis got its name: the clinical-pathologic genius of Jean-Martin Charcot. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:512–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekera LC, Leigh PN. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009;4:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekera LC, Mathers S, Talman P, Galtrey C, Parkinson MH, Ganesalingam J, et al. Natural history and clinical features of the flail arm and flail leg ALS variants. Neurology. 2009;72:1087–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu MT, Ellis CM, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN, Shaw CE. Flail arm syndrome: a distinctive variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65: 950–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon PH, Cheng B, Katz IB, Pinto M, Hays AP, Mitsumoto H, et al. The natural history of primary lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2006;66:647–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ince PG, Lowe J, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current issues in classification, pathogenesis and molecular pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1998;24:104–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes RB, Colville S, Swingler RJ. The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS/MND) in people aged 80 years or above. Age Ageing. 2004;33:131–4. Epub 2004/02/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silani V, Messina S, Poletti B, Morelli C, Doretti A, Ticozzi N, et al. The diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2010. Arch Ital Biol. 2011;149:5–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beghi E, Millul A, Micheli A, Vitelli E, Logroscino G. Incidence of ALS in Lombardy, Italy. Neurology. 2007; 68:141–5. Epub 2007/01/11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich-Neto F, Callegaro D, Dias-Tosta E, Almeida Silva H, Ferraz ME , Braz de Lima JM, Souza Bulle Oliviera A. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Brazil 1998 National Survey. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2000;58:607–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JD, Borasio GD. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 2007;369:2031–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 2008:417–20.
   Google Scholar
• Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Hardiman O, Chio A, Couratier P, Mitchell JD, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new evidence and unsolved issues. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massman PJ, Sims J, Cooke N, Haverkamp LJ, Appel V, Appel SH. Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychological deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:450–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomen-Hoerth C, Murphy J, Langmore S, Kramer JH, Olney RK, Miller B. Are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients cognitively normal?Neurology. 2003;60:1094–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phukan J, Pender NP, Hardiman O. Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6: 994–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong MJ, Grace GM, Orange JB, Leeper HA, Menon RS, Aere C. A prospective study of cognitive impairment in ALS. Neurology. 1999;53:1665–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witgert M, Salamone AR, Strutt AM, Jawaid A, Massman PJ, Bradshaw M, et al. Frontal-lobe mediated behavioral dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:103–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Hardiman O, Chio A, Mitchell D, Swingler RJ, et al. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:385–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worms PM. The epidemiology of motor neuron diseases: a review of recent studies. J Neurol Sci. 2001;191:3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghi E, Logroscino G, Chio A, Hardiman O, Mitchell D, Swingler R, et al. The epidemiology of ALS and the role of population based registries. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1762:1150–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysnes O-B. Epidemiology and Management of ALS. Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation. 2004; 4:8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez MC, Ketzoian C, Legnani C, Rega I, Sanchez N, Perna A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Uruguay: a population based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30:105–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh PN, Abrahams S, Al-Chalabi A, Ampong MA, Goldstein LH, Johnson J, et al. The management of motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74(Suppl 4):32–47.
   Google Scholar
• Chio A. Update on ISI survey: Europe, North America and South America. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1(Suppl 1):S9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Chio A. ISIS Survey: an international study on the diagnostic process and its implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 1999;246(Suppl 3):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Dubrovsky AL, Sica RE. Current treatment pathways in ALS: a South American perspective. Neurology. 1999; 53:S11–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil J, Vazquez MC, Ketzoian C, Perna A, Marin B, Preux PM, et al. Prognosis of ALS: comparing data from the Limousin referral centre, France, and a Uruguayan population. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009;10:355–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverkamp LJ, Appel V, Appel SH. Natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a database population. Validation of a scoring system and a model for survival prediction. Brain. 1995;118:707–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon PH, Mehal JM, Holman RC, Rowland LP, Rowland AS, Cheek JE. Incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Among American Indians and Alaska Natives. JAMA Neurol. 2013:1–5. Epub 2013/02/27.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin S, Hardiman O, Traynor BJ. Ethnic variation in the incidence of ALS: a systematic review. Neurology. 2007;68: 1002–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellura E, Spataro R, Taiello AC, La Bella V. Factors affecting the diagnostic delay in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114:550–4. Epub 2011/12/16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoccolella S, Beghi E, Palagano G, Fraddosio A, Samarelli V, Lamberti P, et al. Predictors of delay in the diagnosis and clinical trial entry of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a population based study. J Neurol Sci. 2006;250:45–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annegers JF, Appel S, Lee JR, Perkins P. Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Harris County, Texas, 1985–1988. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:589–93. Epub 1991/06/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, Munsat TL. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1:293–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass CP, Kandler RH, Shaw PJ, McDermott CJ. An evaluation of neurophysiological criteria used in the diagnosis of motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:646–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, England JD, Kaji R, Kimura J, et al. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119:497–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial ‘Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis’ workshop contributors. J Neurol Sci. 1994;124(Suppl):96–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport RJ, Swingler RJ, Chancellor AM, Warlow CP. Avoiding false-positive diagnoses of motor neuron disease: lessons from the Scottish Motor Neuron Disease Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60:147–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor BJ, Codd MB, Corr B, Forde C, Frost E, Hardiman O. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimic syndromes: a population based study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:109–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsh JM, Schiffman PL. Misdiagnosis in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150: 2301–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Censos I-INdEy. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Logroscino G, Amon, C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a global threat with a possible difference in risk across ethnicities. Neurology. 2007:e17.
   Google Scholar
• Zaldivar T, Gutierrez J, Lara G, Carbonara M, Logroscino G, Hardiman O. Reduced frequency of ALS in an ethnically mixed population: a population based mortality study. Neurology. 2009;72:1640–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan CW, White MC, Thurman D, Wong LY. Temporal and geographic variation in United States motor neuron disease mortality, 1969–1998. Neurology. 2005;64: 1215–21. Epub 2005/04/13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares L, Esteban ES, Alter M. Mexican ‘resistance’ to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1972;27: 397–402. Epub 1972/11/01.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castro-Costa CM, Oria RB, Vale OC, Arruda JA, Horta WG, D’Almeida JA, et al. Motor neuron diseases in the university hospital of Fortaleza (North-eastern Brazil): a clinico-demographic analysis of 87 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2000;58: 986–99. Epub 2000/12/06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos SE, Conde MT, Favero FM, Taniguchi M, Quadros AA, Fontes SV, et al. Mortality rates due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sao Paulo City from 2002 to 2006. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69:861–6. Epub 2012/02/03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loureiro MP, Gress CH, Thuler LC, Alvarenga RM, Lima JM. Clinical aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Neurol Sci. 2012;316:61–6. Epub 2012/02/22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneck LC, Bezerra R, Silveira Neto O, Scola RH. A clinical epidemiological study of 251 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the south of Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007;65:189–95. Epub 2007/07/04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin B, Kacem I, Diagana M, Boulesteix M, Gouider R, Preux PM, et al. Juvenile and adult-onset ALS/MND among Africans: incidence, phenotype, survival. A review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2012;13:276–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole O, Traynor BJ, Brennan P, Sheehan C, Frost E, Corr B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Ireland between 1995 and 2004. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:30–2. Epub 2007/07/20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swash M. Shortening the time to diagnosis in ALS: the role of electrodiagnostic studies. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1(Suppl 1):S67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks BR. Problems in shortening the time to confirmation of ALS diagnosis: lessons from the 1st Consensus Conference, Chicago, May 1998. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1(Suppl 1):S3–7. Epub 2001/07/24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wokke JH. Confounding effects of mimicking disorders in the early diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1 (Suppl 1):S61–3. Epub 2001/07/24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belsh JM. ALS diagnostic criteria of El Escorial revisited: do they meet the needs of clinicians as well as researchers?Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1 (Suppl 1):S57–60. Epub 2001/07/24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubrovsky AL. Shortening the time to the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: role of the neurologist. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000; 1(Suppl 1):S65–6.
   Google Scholar
• Beghi E, Balzarini C, Bogliun G, Logroscino G, Manfredi L, Mazzini L, et al. Reliability of the El Escorial diagnostic criteria for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21:265–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RA. Effects of the early diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on the patient: disadvantages. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1 (Suppl 1):S75–7. Epub 2001/07/24.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri KR, Crump S, al-Sarraj S, Anderson V, Cavanagh J, Leigh PN. The validation of El Escorial criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Sci. 1995;129(Suppl): 11–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar