Systemic symptoms predict presence or development of severe sepsis and septic shock

References

• Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. ACCP/SCCM. Chest. 1992;101:1644–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:1167–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1589–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, et al. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1749–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels R. Surviving the first hours in sepsis: getting the basics right (an intensivist's perspective). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl 2):ii11–ii23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlbom DJ, Rubenfeld GD. Barriers to implementing protocol-based sepsis resuscitation in the emergency department–results of a national survey. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2525–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan LA, Supinski GS. Sepsis-induced myopathy. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(Suppl 10):S354–S367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aare S, Radell P, Eriksson LI, et al. Role of sepsis in the development of limb muscle weakness in a porcine intensive care unit model. Physiol genomics. 2012;44:865–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eikermann M, Koch G, Gerwig M, et al. Muscle force and fatigue in patients with sepsis and multiorgan failure. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gofton TE, Young GB. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8:557–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin BJ, Buth KJ, Arora RC, Baskett RJ. Delirium as a predictor of sepsis in post-coronary artery bypass grafting patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi T, Tsuha S, Takayama Y, Shiiki S. Shaking chills and high body temperature predict bacteremia especially among elderly patients. Springerplus. 2013;2:624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund K, Lemcke A, Konradsen HB. Evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms as primary sign of severe invasive group A streptococcal infections. Ind J Med Res. 2004;119(Suppl):179–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink M, Cronqvist J, Furebring M, et al. 2013. Svår sepsis och septisk chock - tidig identifiering och initial handläggning. Sweden: Svenska Infektionsläkarföreningen/Swedish Society for Infectious Diseases.
   Google Scholar
• Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1250–1256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenzaka T, Okayama M, Kuroki S, et al. Importance of vital signs to the early diagnosis and severity of sepsis: association between vital signs and sequential organ failure assessment score in patients with sepsis. Intern Med. 2012;51:871–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrakos C, Vincent JL. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit Care. 2010;14:R15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wester AL, Dunlop O, Melby KK, et al. Age-related differences in symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis of bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studnek JR, Artho MR, Garner CLJr, Jones AE. The impact of emergency medical services on the ED care of severe sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padkin A, Goldfrad C, Brady AR, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:2332–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gestel A, Bakker J, Veraart CP, van Hout BA. Prevalence and incidence of severe sepsis in Dutch intensive care units. Crit Care. 2004;8:R153–R162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003;58:377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer TT, Ewig S, Marre R, et al.; The Capnetz Study Group. CRB-65 predicts death from community-acquired pneumonia. J Intern Med. 2006;260:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1303–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakr Y, Elia C, Mascia L, et al. The influence of gender on the epidemiology of and outcome from severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17:R50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunkhorst FM, Wegscheider K, Forycki ZF, Brunkhorst R. Procalcitonin for early diagnosis and differentiation of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(Suppl 2):S148–S152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehlow MC, Emond SD, Shapiro NI, et al. National study of emergency department visits for sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:326–31, 31.e1–e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, et al. Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:238–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DP, Laursen CB, Jensen TG, et al. Incidence rate of community-acquired sepsis among hospitalized acute medical patients - a population-based survey. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storgaard M, Hallas J, Gahrn-Hansen B, et al. Short- and long-term mortality in patients with community-acquired severe sepsis and septic shock. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DP, Pottegard A, Laursen CB, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization due to community-acquired sepsis - a population-based case-control study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0124838.
   Google Scholar