11
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellany

Immune Response in Rubella Infection

Pages 1-42 | Published online: 02 Jan 2015

References

  • Abrutyn, E., Herrmann, K. L., Karchmer, A. W., Friedman, J. P., Page, E. & Witte, J. J.: Rubella vaccine comparative study. Nine month follow-up and serologic response to natural challenge. Am J Dis Child, 120: 129, 1970
  • Ackroyd, J. F.: Three cases of thrombocytopenic purpura occurring after rubella with a review of purpura associated with infections. Q J Med, 18: 299, 1949
  • Alford Jr., C. A.: Studies on antibody in congenital rubella infections. I. Physicochemical and immunologic investigations of rubella-neutralizing antibody. Am J Dis Child, 110: 455, 1965
  • Alford Jr., C. A.: Congenital rubella: Review of virologic and serologic phenomena occurring after maternal rubella in first trimester. South Med J, 59: 745, 1966
  • Alford, C. A., Neva, F. A. & Weller, T. H.: Virologic and serologic studies on human products of conception after maternal rubella. N Engl J Med, 271: 1275, 1964
  • Alford, C. A., Schaeffer, J., Blankenship, W. J., Straumfjord, J. V. & Cassady, G.: A correlative immunologic, microbiologic and clinical approach to the diagnosis of acute and chronic infections in newborn infants. N Engl J Med, 277: 437, 1967
  • Allan, B. C. & Cook, I.: The laboratory diagnosis of rubella. I. The 1968–1969 rubella epidemic in Queensland. Med J Aust, 1: 470, 1970
  • Altemeier, W. A., Sanga, R. L., Buescher, E. L. & Bellanti, J. A.: A method for determinig the proportion of total serum IgM globulin which is specific antibody. J Pediatr, 75: 1135, 1969
  • Andzhaparidze, O. G., Chervonsky, G. I., Desyatskova, R. G. & Tabarouskaya, I. S.: Formation of herd immunity to rubella in the population of Moscow city. Vopr Virusol, 15: 71, 1970
  • Auletta, A. E., Gitnick, G. L., Whitmire, C. E. & Sever, J. L.: An improved diluent for rubella hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Appl Microbiol, 16: 691, 1968
  • Baldini, M.: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med, 274: 1245, 1301, 1966
  • Banatvala, J. E.: Rubella. Modern Trends in Medical Virology, 2: 116, Butterworths, London 1970
  • Banatvala, J. E. Best, J. M., Bertrand, J., Bowern, N. & Hudson, S. M.: Serological assessment of rubella during pregnancy. Br Med J, 3: 247, 1970
  • Banatvala, J. E., Best, J. M., Kennedy, E. A., Smith, E. E. & Spence, M.: A serological method for demonstrating recent infection by rubella virus. Br Med J, 3: 285, 1967
  • Baublis, J. V. & Brown, G. C.: Specific response of the immunoglobulins to rubella infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 128: 206, 1968
  • Bayer, W. L., Sherman, F. E., Michaels, R. H., Szeto, I. L. F. & Lewis, J. H.: Purpura in congenital and acquired rubella. N Engl J Med, 273: 1362, 1965
  • Beasley, R. P.: Dilemmas presented by the attenuated rubella vaccines. Am J Epidemiol, 92: 151, 1970
  • Bellanti, J. A., Artenstein, M. S., Olson, L. C. & Buescher, E. L.: Congenital rubella, clinicopathologic, virologic and immunologic studies. Am J Dis Child, 110: 464, 1965
  • Benard, R.: Les complications nerveuses de la rubeole. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris, 45: 1443, 1921
  • Berg, T. & Nilsson, B. A.: The foetal development of serum levels IgG and IgM. Acta Paediatr Scand, 58: 577, 1969
  • de Bergen,: de roseolis — cited by Emminghaus, H.
  • Best, J. M., Banatvala, J. E. & Watson, D.: Serum IgM and IgG responses in postnatally acquired rubella. Lancet, 2: 65, 1969
  • Biano, S. A., Jenkins, C. C. & Daniels, J. B.: Effect of calcium concentration on inhibitors of hemagglutination of rubella virus. J Infect Dis, 123: 421, 1971
  • Björkman, S. E.: A new method for enumeration of platelets. Acta Haematol, 22: 377, 1959
  • Boué, A., Nicolas, A. & Montagnon, B.: Reinfection with rubella in pregnant women. Lancet, 1: 1251, 1971
  • Boué, A., Papiernik-Berkhauer, E., Lazar, P. & Levy, S.: Antibody status of different adult populations in France. International Symposium on Rubella Vaccine, London 1968, symp. series immunobiol. standard., 11: 3, Karger, Basel/New York, 1969.
  • Brody, J. A.: The infectiousness of rubella and the possibility of reinfection. Am J Public Health, 56: 1082, 1966
  • Brody, J. A., Sever, J. L., McAlister, R., Schiff, G. M. & Cutting, R.: Rubella epidemic on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, 1963. I. Epidemiologic, clinical, and serologic findings. JAMA, 191: 619, 1965
  • Brown, G. C., Maassab, H. F., Veronelli, J. A. & Francis Jr., T.: Rubella antibodies in human serum: Detection by the indirect fluorescence antibody technique. Science, 145: 943, 1964
  • Brown, G. C. & O'Leary, T. P.: Fluorescent-antibody marker for vaccine-induced rubella antibodies. Infec Immun, 2: 360, 1970
  • Brown, T., Hambling, M. H. & Ansari, B. M.: Rubella neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in children of different ages. Br Med J, 4: 263, 1969
  • Buescher, E. L.: Behavior of rubella virus in adult populations. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 16: 470, 1965
  • Buffe, D. & Burtin, P.: Formation des immunoglobulines chez le foetus et le jeune infant. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris), 112: 468, 1967
  • Butler, N. R., Dudgeon, J. A., Hayes, K., Peckham, C. S. & Wybar, K.: Persistence of rubella antibody with and without embryopathy. Br Med J, 2: 1027, 1965
  • Bürgin-Wolff, A., Hernandez, R. & Just, M.: Separation of rubella IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies by gel filtration on agarose. Lancet, 2: 1278, 1971
  • Cantell, K., Strander, H., Saxen, L. & Meyer, B.: Interferon response of human leukocytes during intrauterine and postnatal life. J Immunol, 100: 1304, 1968
  • Chang, T-W., DesRosiers, S. & Weinstein, L.: Outbreak of rubella in a vaccinated population. N Engl J Med, 283: 246, 1970
  • Claman, H. N., Suvatte, V., Githens, J. G. & Hathaway, W. E.: Histiocytic reaction in dysgammaglobulinemia and congenital rubella. Pediatrics, 46: 89, 1970
  • Clancy, R.: Cellular immunity to autologous platelets and serum-blocking factors in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet, 1: 6, 1972
  • Clarke, O. H. & Casals, J.: Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 7: 561, 1958
  • Cloonan, M. J., Hawkes, R. A. & Stevens, L. H.: Postnatal decline of maternally acquired rubella antibodies. J Hyg (Camb), 68: 461, 1970
  • Cockburn, W. C.: World aspects of the epidemiology of rubella. Am J Dis Child, 118: 112, 1969
  • Cohen, S. M., Ducharme, C. P., Carpenter, C. A. & Deibel, R.: Rubella antibody in IgG and IgM immunoglobulins detected by immunofuorescence. J Lab Clin Med, 5, 760, 1968
  • Colarizi, A., Midulla, M. & Pediconi, M.: Indagini sullo stato immunitario verso la rosolia di bambini e madri nell'area di Roma. Risultati di un primo esperimento di vaccinazione. Minerva Med, 61: 1578, 1970
  • Cooper, L. Z., Matters, B., Rosenblum, J. K. & Krugman, S.: Experience with a modified rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibody test. JAMA, 207: 89, 1969
  • Cooper, L. Z., Ziring, P. R., Ockerse, A. B., Fedun, B. A., Kiely, B. & Krugman, S.: Rubella. Clinical manifestations and management. Am J Dis Child, 118: 18, 1969
  • Davis, W. J., Larson, H. E., Simsarian, J. P., Parkman, P. D. & Meyer Jr., H. M.: Rubella immunity and resistance to infection. JAMA, 215: 600, 1971
  • Deibel, R., Cohen, S. M. & Ducharme, C. P.: Serology of rubella. Virus neutralization, immunofluorescence in BHK21 cells and hemagglutination-inhibition. NY State J Med, 68: 1355, 1968
  • Dent, P. B., Olson, G. B., Good, R. A., Rawls, W. E., South, M. H. & Melnick, J. L.: Rubella virus/leukocyte interaction and its role in the pathogenesis of the congenital rubella syndrome. Lancet, 1: 291, 1968
  • Desmyter, J., Rawls, W. E., Melnick, J. L., Yow, M. D. & Barret, F. F.: Interferon in congenital rubella: Response to live attenuated measles vaccine. J Immunol, 99: 771, 1967
  • Desmyter, J., South M. A. & Rawls, W. E.: The IgM antibody response in rubella during pregnancy. J Med Microbiol, 4: 107, 1971
  • Dold, H. J. & Northrop, R. L.: The nonspecific inhibitors of rubella-virus hemagglutination. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 128: 577, 1968
  • Dold, H. & Northrop, R. L.: Analysis of the diluents used for rubella hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Appl Microbiol, 18: 221, 1969
  • Dudgeon, J. A., Butler, N. R. & Plotkin, S. A.: Further serological studies on the rubella syndrome. Br Med J, 2: 155, 1964
  • Dudgeon, J. A., Marshall, W. C. & Peckham, C. S.: Rubella vaccine trials in adults and children. Am J Dis Child, 118: 237, 1969
  • Dudgeon, J. A., Marshall, W. C. & Soothill, J. P.: Immunological responses to early and late intrauterine virus infections. J Pediatr, 75: 1149, 1969
  • Editorial: IgM and diagnosis of postnatally acquired rubella. Lancet, 2: 90, 1969
  • Emminghaus, H.: Über Rubeolen. Jahrb Kinderheilkd, 4: 47, 1870
  • Enders-Ruckle, G.: Seroepidemiology of rubella and reinfection. Am J Dis Child, 118: 139, 1969
  • Evans, A. S., Niedermann, J. C. & Sawyer, R. N.: Prospective studies of a group of Yale university freshmen. II. Occurrence of acute respiratory infections and rubella. J Infect Dis, 123: 271, 1971
  • Fabiyi, A., Gitnick, G. L. & Sever, J. L.: Rubella virus complement fixing antigen: Sedimentable and nonsedimentable antigenic components. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 124: 1137, 1967
  • Feldman, H. A.: Removal by heparin-MnCl2 of nonspecific rubella hemagglutinin serum inhibitor. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 127: 570, 1968
  • Field, A. M., Vandervelde, E. M., Thompson, K. M. & Hutchinson, D. N.: A comparison of the hemagglutination-inhibition test and the neutralization test for the detection of rubella antibody. Lancet, 2: 182, 1967
  • Finklea, J. F., Sandifer, S. H. & Moore Jr., G. T.: Epidemic rubella at the Citadel. Am J Epidemiol, 87: 367, 1968
  • Forrester, R. M., Lees, V. T. & Watson, O. H.: Rubella syndrome: Escape of a twin. Br Med J. 1: 1403, 1966
  • Furesz, J., Moreau, P. & Yarosh, W.: A micro tissue culture test for the titration and neutralization of rubella virus. Can J Microbiol, 15: 67, 1969
  • Furth van, R., Schuit, H. R. E. & Hijmans, W.: The immunological development of the human fetus. J Exp Med, 122: 1173, 1965
  • Furukawa, T., Plotkin, S. A., Sedwick, W. D. & Profeta, M. L.: Studies on hemagglutination by rubella virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 126: 745, 1967
  • Furukawa, T., Plotkin, S. A., Sedwick, W. D. & Profeta, M. L.: Hemagglutinin of rubella virus. Nature, 125: 172, 1967
  • Furukawa, T., Vaheri, A. & Plotkin, S. A.: Growth of rubella virus in BHK21 cells. III. Production of complement fixing antigens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 125: 1098, 1967
  • Gale, J. L., Detels, R., Kim, K. S. W., Beasley, R. P. & Grayston, J. T.: Epidemiology of Rubella on Taiwan. Am J Dis Child, 118: 143, 1969
  • Geiger, J. C.: Epidemic of German measles in a city adjacent to an army cantonment. JAMA. 70: 1818, 1918
  • Ginsberg, H. S. & Wilson, J. M.: Acute thrombocytopenic purpura complicating rubella. Am J Med, 3: 652, 1947
  • Giovanardi, A. & Archetti, I.: Virology and epidemiology of rubella. Discussion. Am J Dis Child, 118: 151, 1969
  • Gispen, R. & Brand-Saathof, B.: Assay of rubella antibodies by immunofluorescence, complement fixation and neutralization. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 21: 334, 1967
  • Grayzel, A. I. & Beck, C.: Rubella infection of synovial cells and the resistance of cells derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med, 131: 367, 1970
  • Green, R. H., Balsamo, M. R., Giles, J. P. & Mirick, G. S.: Studies on the natural history and prevention of rubella. Am J Dis Child, 110: 348, 1965
  • Greenberg, M., Pellitteri, O. & Barton, J.: Frequency of defects in infants whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy. JAMA. 165: 675, 1957
  • Gregg, N. M.: Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Opthalmol Soc Aust, 3: 35, 1941
  • Gregg, N. M. A.: Further observations on congenital defects in infants following maternal rubella. Trans Opthalmol Soc Aust, 4: 119, 1944
  • Gupta, J. D. & Peterson, V. J.: Use of a new buffer system with formalinized sheep erythrocytes in the rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test. Appl Microbiol, 21: 749, 1971
  • Haire, M. & Hadden, D. S. M.: Immunoglobulin responses in rubella and its complications. Br Med J, 3: 130, 1970
  • Halonen, P. E., Casey, H. L., Stewart, J. A., & Hall, A. D.: Rubella complement fixing antigen prepared by alkaline extraction of virus grown in suspension culture of BHK21 cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 125: 167, 1967
  • Halonen, P. E., Ryan, J. M. & Stewart, J. A.: Rubella hemagglutinin prepared with alkaline extraction of virus grown in suspension culture of BHK21 cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 125: 162, 1967
  • Halonen P. E., Stewart, J. A. & Hall, A. D.: Rubella hemagglutinin prepared in serum free suspension culture of BHK21 cells. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 45: 182, 1967
  • Halstead, S. B., Diwan, A. R. & Oda, A. I.: Susceptibility to rubella among adolescents and adults in Hawaii. JAMA, 210: 1881, 1969
  • Hancock, M. P., Huntley, C. C. & Sever, J. L.: Congenital rubella syndrome with immunoglobulin disorder. J Pediatr, 72: 636, 1968
  • Hanshaw, J. B., Steinfield, H. J. & White, C. J.: Fluorescent antibody test for cytomegalovirus macroglobulin. N Engl J Med, 279: 566, 1968
  • Hardy, J. B., McCracken Jr., G. H., Gilkeson, M. R. & Sever, J. L.: Adverse fetal outcome following maternal rubella after the first trimester of pregnancy. JAMA, 207: 2414, 1969
  • Hardy, J. B., Sever, J. L. & Gilkeson, M. R.: Declining antibody titers in children with congenital rubella. J Pediatr, 75: 213, 1969
  • Hassan, S. A. & Cochran, K. W.: Immunohemagglutination test for rapid detection and assay of rubella antibodies. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 125: 430, 1967
  • Hayes, K., Dudgeon, J. A. & Soothill, J. F.: Humoral immunity in congenital rubella. Clin Exp Immunol, 2: 653, 1967
  • Heggie, A. D.: Isolation of rubella virus from the skin. N Engl J Med, 285: 664, 1971
  • Heggie, A. D. & Robbins, F. C.: Natural rubella acquired after birth. Clinical features and complications. Am J Dis Child, 118: 12, 1969
  • Herrmann, K. L., Halonen, P. E., Stewart, J. A., Casey, H. L., Ryan, J. M., Hall, A. D. & Caswell, K. E.: Evaluation of serologic technique for titration of rubella antibody. Am J Public Health, 59: 296, 1969
  • Hildebrandt, H. M. & Maassab, H. F.: Rubella synovitis in a one-year-old patient. N Engl J Med, 274: 1428, 1966
  • Hiro, Y. & Tasaka, S.: Die Röteln sind eine Viruskrankheit. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 76: 328, 1938
  • Hirsch, E. O. & Gardner, F. H.: Transfusion of human blood platelets. With a note on transfusion of granulocytes. J Lab Clin Med, 39: 556, 1952
  • Hollinger, F. B., Sharp, S. T., Lidsky, M. D. & Rawls, W. E.: Antibodies to viral antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 14: 1, 1971
  • Horstmann, D. M.: Rubella: The challenge of its control. J Infect Dis, 123: 640, 1971
  • Horstmann, D. M., Banatvala, J. E., Riordan, J. T., Payne, M. C., Whittemore, R., Opton, E. M. & VeFlorey du, C.: Maternal rubella and the rubella syndrome in infants. Am J Dis Child, 110: 408, 1965
  • Horstmann, D. M., Liebhaber, H., LeBouvier, G. L., Rosenberg, D. A. & Halstead, S. B.: Rubella: Reinfection of vaccinated and naturally immune persons exposed in an epidemic. N Engl J Med, 283: 771, 1970
  • Horstmann, D. M., Riordan, J. T., Ohtanara, M. & Niedermann, J. C.: A natural epidemic of rubella in a closed population. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 16: 438, 1965
  • Horzinek, M., Maess, J. & Laufs, R.: Studies on the substructure of togaviruses. II. Analysis of equine arteritis, rubella, bovine viral diarrhea and hog cholera viruses. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 33: 306, 1971
  • Hovi, T. & Vaheri, A.: Rubella virus-specific ribonucleic acids in infected BHK21 cells. J Gen Virol, 6: 77, 1970
  • Hovi, T. & Vaheri, A.: Infectivity and some physicochemical characteristics of rubella virus ribonucleic acid. Virology, 42: 1, 1970
  • Ingalls, T. H.: Rubella: Epidemiology, virology, and immunology. I. The epidemiology of rubella. Am J Med Sci, 253: 349, 1967
  • Jack, I. & Grutzner, J.: Cellular viraemia in babies infected with rubella virus before birth. Br Med J, 1: 289, 1969
  • Johnson, R. E. & Hall, A. P.: Rubella arthritis, report of cases studied by latex tests. N Engl J Med, 258: 743, 1958
  • Kacaki, J. N., Balduzzi, P. C. & Vaughan, J. H.: A study of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol, 6: 885, 1970
  • Kenrick, K. G., Slinn, R. F., Dorman, D. C. & Menser, M. A.: Immunoglobulins and rubella-virus antibodies in adults with congenital rubella. Lancet, 1: 548, 1968
  • Klingberg, W., Swartz, T. A. & Goldblum, N.: Immunological studies on rubella. International Symposium on Rubella Vaccines, London 1968, symp. series immunobiol. standard., 11: 31, Karger, Basel/New York, 1969.
  • Kono, R.: Antigenic structures of American and Japanese rubella virus strains and experimental vertical transmission of rubella virus in rabbits. International Symposium on Rubella Vaccines, London 1968, symp. series immunobiol. standard., 11: 195, Karger, Basel/New York, 1969.
  • Laitinen, O., Vesikari, T. & Vaheri, A.: Virus antibody levels in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Med Scand, in press.
  • Lapinleimu, K., Pyhälä, R., Siimes, K. & Heigl, Z.: Reinfections in Rubella. Scand J Infect Dis, in press.
  • Laufs, R. & Thomssen, R.: Eigenschaften eines mit Tween 80 und äthyläther behandelten Rubellavirus-Hämagglutinins. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 24: 164, 1968
  • Laufs, R. & Thomssen, R.: Inhibition der Rubellavirus-Hämagglutination. I. Eigenschaften eines in fetalem Kälberserum vorkommenden Inhibitors der Rubellavirus Hämagglutination in vitro. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 24: 181, 1968
  • LeBouvier, G. L.: Rubella precipitins. International Symposium on Rubella Vaccines, London 1968, symp. series immunobiol. standard., 11: 133, Karger, Basel/New York, 1969.
  • LeBouvier, G. L.: Precipitinogens of rubella virus-infected cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 130: 51, 1969
  • LeBouvier, G. L.: Characterization of theta and iota — two rubella antigens. Nature, 221: 78, 1969
  • LeBouvier, G. L. & Plotkin, S.: Precipitin responses to rubella vaccine RA27/3. J Infect Dis, 123: 220, 1971
  • Leedom, J. M.: Important assumptions, extrapolations and established facts which underlie the use of live rubella virus vaccines. Am J Epidemiol, 92: 151, 1970
  • Leerhøy, J.: Comparison of rubella hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody curves in natural infection. Acta Med Scand, 184: 389, 1968
  • Lehane, D. E., Newberg, N. R. & Beam Jr., W. E.: Evaluation of rubella herd immunity during an epidemic. JAMA, 213: 2236, 1970
  • Lennette, E. H., Schmidt, N. J. & Magoffin, R. L.: The hemagglutination inhibition test for rubella: A comparison of its sensitivity to that of neutralization, complement fixation and fluorescent antibody tests for diagnosis of infection and determination of immunity status. J Immunol, 99: 785, 1967
  • Liebhaber, H.: Measurement of rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition. I. Variables affecting rubella hemagglutination. J Immunol, 104: 818, 1970
  • Liebhaber, H.: Measurement of rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition. II. Characteristics of an improved HAI test employing a new method for the removal of non-immunoglobulin HA inhibitors from serum. J Immunol, 104: 826, 1970
  • Liebhaber, H., Pajot, T. & Riordan, J. T.: Growth of high titered rubella virus in roller bottle cultures of Vero cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 130: 12, 1969
  • Lundström, R.: Rubella during pregnancy: A follow-up study of children born after an epidemic in Sweden 1951 with additional investigations on prophylaxis and treatment of maternal rubella. Acta Paediatr Scand, 51 ( Suppl 133): 1, 1962
  • Lundström, R., Svedmyr, A., Hagbard, L. & Kaijser, K.: Rubella immunity as related to age and history of overt disease. Acta Paediatr Scand, 56: 279, 1967
  • Macrae, A. D.: Serological tests for rubella. Lancet, 2: 220, 1969
  • Magnusson, P.: Purification and characterization of rubella virus hemagglutinins. Am J Dis Child, 118: 94, 1969
  • Marshall, W. C., Cope, W. A., Soothill, J. F. & Dudgeon, J. A.: In vitro lymphocyte response in some immunity deficiency diseases and in intrauterine virus infections. Proc R Soc Med, 63: 351, 1970
  • Martenis, T. W., Bland, J. H. & Phillips, C. A.: Rheumatoid arthritis after rubella. Arthritis Rheum, 11: 683, 1968
  • McCarthy, K. & Taylor-Robinson, C. H.: Rubella. Br Med Bull, 23: 185, 1967
  • McCarthy, K., Taylor-Robinson, C. H. & Pillinger, S. E.: Isolation of rubella virus from cases in Britain. Lancet, 2: 593, 1963
  • McCracken Jr., G. H., Hardy, J. B., Chen, T. C., Hoffman, L. S., Gilkeson, M. R. & Sever, J. L.: Serum immunoglobulin levels in newborn infants. II. Survey of cord and follow-up sera from 123 infants with congenital rubella. J Pediatr, 74: 383, 1969
  • Medearis Jr., D. N.: Rubella and immunologic response. Pediatrics, 43: 322, 1969
  • Mettler, N. E., Petrelli, R. I. & Casals, J.: Absence of antigenic cross-reactions between rubella virus and arboviruses. Virology, 36: 503, 1968
  • Meyer, Jr., H. M., Parkman, P. D., Hobbins, T. E., Larson, H. E., Davis, W. J., Simsarian, J. P. & Hopps, H. E.: Attenuated rubella viruses. Laboratory and clinical characteristics. Am J Dis Child, 118: 155, 1969
  • Michaels, R. H.: Immunologic aspects of congenital rubella. Pediatrics, 43: 339, 1969
  • Michaels, R. H. & Mellin, G. W.: Prospective experience with maternal rubella and the associated congenital malformations. Pediatrics, 26: 200, 1960
  • Mims, C. A.: Pathogenesis of rashes in virus diseases. Bacteriol Rev, 30: 739, 1966
  • Ministry of Health Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 101, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1960
  • Monif, G. R. G., Hardy, J. H. & Sever, J. L.: The lack of association between the appearance of complement-fixing antibodies and the recovery of virus in a child with congenital rubella. Pediatrics, 39: 289, 1967
  • Monto, A. S., Cavallaro, J. J. & Brown, G. C.: Attenuated rubella vaccination in families: Observations on the lack of fluorescent antibody response and on the use of blood collected on filter paper discs in the hemagglutination inhibition test. J Lab Clin Med, 74: 98, 1969
  • Murphy, R. Scheff, G. J. & Morrissey, R. A.: A tissue hemadsorption inhibition neutralization test for rubella antibody. J Immunol, 98: 1286, 1966
  • Myllylä, G., Vaheri, A. & Penttinen, K.: Detection and characterization of immune complexes by the platelet aggregation test. II. Circulating complexes. Clin Exp Immunol, 8: 399, 1971
  • Myllylö, G., Vaheri, A., Vesikari, T. & Penttinen, K.: Interaction between human blood platelets, viruses and antibodies. IV. Post-rubella thrombocytopenic purpura and platelet aggregation by rubella antigen-antibody interaction. Clin Exp Immunol, 4: 323, 1969
  • Nabli, B.: Séroépidémiologie de la rubéole en Tunisie. Bull WHO, 42: 891, 1970
  • Naficy, K., Nategh, R. & Ahangary, S.: Artificial challenge studies in rubella. Am J Dis Child, 120: 520, 1970
  • Nagayama, T., Veda, K., Mieno, K., Nunove, T., Nishio, S. & Sever, J. L.: Frequency of rubella antibody among pregnant women in the Fukuoka district in southern Japan. Fukuoka Acta Med, 57: 303, 1966
  • National Center for Disease Control: Congenital rubella sydrome. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 20: No. 3, 1971
  • National Communicable Disease Center: Rubella Surveillance No. 1, June 1969
  • Newman, S., Horta-Barbarosa, L. & Sever, J. L.: Serologic tests for rubella. Lancet, 2: 432, 1969
  • Norrby, E.: Rubella virus. Virology Monographs, 7: 115, Springer Verlag, Wien — New York, 1969
  • Norrby, E.: Personal communication
  • Ogra, P. L. & Herd, J. K.: Serologic association of rubella virus infection and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Abstracts of the 17th Interim Scientific Session of the ARA of the Arthritis Foundation, p. 33, 1971
  • Ogra, P. & Herd, J. K.: Arthritis associated with induced rubella infection. J Immunol, 107: 810, 1971
  • Ogra, P., Kerr-Grant, D., Umana, G., Dzierba, J. & Weintraub, D.: Antibody response in serum and nasopharynx after naturally acquired and vaccine induced infection with rubella virus. N Engl J Med, 285: 1333, 1971
  • Olson, G. B., Dent, P. B., Rawls, W. E., South, M. A., Montgomery, J. R., Melnick, J. L. & Good, R. A.: Abnormalities of in vitro lymphocyte responses during rubella virus infections. J Exp Med, 128: 47, 1968
  • Olson, G. B., South, M. A. & Good, R. A.: Phytohaemagglutinin unresponsiveness of lymphocytes from babies with congenital rubella. Nature, 214: 695, 1967
  • von Orlow,: de morbillorum atque roseolarum discrimine. — cited by Emminghaus, H.
  • Osborn, J. E., Blazkovec, A. A. & Walker, D. L.: Immunosuppression during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol, 100: 835, 1968
  • Papaevangelou, G. J. & Mendris, J. N.: Evaluation of the haemagglutination inhibition test for the serologic diagnosis of rubella. Pathol Microbiol (Basel), 32: 267, 1968
  • Papaevangelou, G., Mendris, J. & Kyriakidou, A.: Rubella epidemic in a naval training center. Am J Epidemiol, 89: 665, 1969
  • Papiernik, M. & Nezelof, C.: La promotion immunitaire du foetus humain. Arch Fr Pediat, 27: 777, 1970
  • Parkman, P. D., Buescher, E. L. & Artenstein, M. S.: Recovery of rubella virus from army recruits. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 111: 225, 1962
  • Parkman, P. D., Mundon, F. K., McCown, J. M. & Buescher, E. L.: Studies of rubella. II. Neutralization of the virus. J Immunol, 93: 608, 1964
  • Penttinen, K. & Myllylä, G.: Interaction of human blood platelets with viruses and antibodies. I. Platelet aggregation test with micro-epuipment. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 46: 188, 1968
  • Phillips, C. A., Melnick, J. L., Yow, M. D., Bayatpour, M. & Burkhardt, M.: Persistence of virus in infants with congenital rubella and in normal infants with a history of maternal rubella. JAMA, 193: 1027, 1965
  • Pitten, R.: Über einen Fall von symptomatischen Morbus Werlhof nach Rötheln. Arch Kinderheilkd, 86: 114, 1929
  • Plotkin, S. A., Bechtel, D. J. & Sedwick, W. D.: A simple method for removal of rubella hemagglutination inhibitors from serum adaptable to finger-tip blood. Am J Epidemiol, 88: 301, 1968
  • Plotkin, S. A., Cochran, W., Lindqvist, J. M., Cochran, G. C., Schaffer, D. B., Sheie, H. G. & Furukawa, T.: Congenital rubella syndrome in late infancy. JAMA, 200: 435, 1967
  • Plotkin, S. A., Dudgeon, J. A. & Ramsay, A. M.: Laboratory studies on rubella and the rubella syndrome. Br Med J, 2: 1296, 1963
  • Plotkin, S. A., Klaus, R. M. & Whitely, J. A.: Hypogammaglobulinemia in an infant with congenital rubella syndrome; failure of 1-Adamantanamine to stop virus excretion. J Pediatr, 69Z: 1085, 1966
  • Rafajko, R. R. & ZurNedden, D.: Rubella haemagglutinin prepared in BS-C-1 cells. Nature, 220: 1347, 1968
  • Rausen, A. R., Richter, P., Tallal, L. & Cooper, L. Z.: Hematologic effects of intrauterine rubella. JAMA, 199: 75, 1967
  • Rawls, W. E., Desmyter, J. & Melnick, J. L.: Virus carrier cells and virus-free cells in fetal rubella. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 129: 477, 1968
  • Rawls, W. E. & Melnick, J. L.: Intrauterine rubella transmission. JAMA, 204: 1009, 1968
  • Rawls, W. E., Melnick, J. L., Bradstreet, C. M. P., Bailey, M., Ferris, A. A., Lehmann, N. I., Nagler, F. P., Furesz, J., Kono, R., Ohtawara, M., Halonen, P., Stewart, J., Ryan, J. M., Strauss, J., Zdrazilek, J., Leerhoy, J., Magnus von, H., Sohier, R & Ferreira, W.: WHO collaborative study on the sero-epidemiology of rubella. Bull WHO, 37: 79, 1967
  • Remington, J. S. & Miller, M. H.: 19S and 7S anti-toxoplasma antibodies in diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 121: 357, 1966
  • Report of the Public Health Laboratory Service Working Party on rubella: Studies on rubella in pregnancy. Br Med J, 3: 203, 1968
  • Salmi A. A.: Gel precipitation reactions between alkaline extracted rubella antigens and human sera. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 76: 271, 1969
  • Salmi, A. A.: Characteristics of gel precipitating antigens of rubella virus. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 32: 91, 1970
  • Salmi, A. A.: Characterization of a structural antigen of rubella virus reacting by gel precipitation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B), to be published.
  • Salmi, A. A.: Studies on purification of a soluble gel precipitating antigen of rubella virus and antibody responses to the purified antigen. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B), to be published.
  • Salmi, A., Halonen, P., Kouvalainen, K. & Rossi, R.: Age-specific attack rate in females during a rubella epidemic. Scand J Infect Dis, 2: 77, 1970
  • Sato, H.: Studies on rubella virus hemagglutination. I. Activation by various treatments. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 35: 256, 1971
  • Schell, K., Wong, K. T., Turner, H. C. & Huebner R. J.: Production of rubella complement fixing antigen in BHK21 cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 123: 823, 1966
  • Schiff, G. M., Donath, R. & Rotte, T.: Experimental rubella studies. II. Artificial challenge studies of adult rubella vaccines. Am J Dis Child, 118: 269, 1969
  • Schmidt, N. J., Dennis, J. & Lennette, E. H.: Hemadsorption and hemadsorption-inhibition tests for rubella virus. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 25: 308, 1969
  • Schmidt, N. J. & Lennette E. H.: Rubella complement fixing antigens derived from the fluid and cellular phases of infected BHK 21 cells: Extraction of cell-associated antigen with alkaline buffers. J Immunol, 97: 815, 1966
  • Schmidt, N. J. & Lennette, E. H.: Complement fixing and fluorescent antibody response to an attenuated rubella virus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol, 91: 351, 1970
  • Schmidt, N. J. & Lennette, E. H.: Variables of the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test system and their effect on antigen and antibody titers. Appl Microbiol, 19: 491, 1970
  • Schmidt, N. J., Lennette, E. H. & Gee, P. S.: Demonstration of rubella complement fixing antigens of two distinct particle size by gel filtration on Sephadex G200. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 123: 758, 1966
  • Schmidt, N. J., Lennette, E. H., Gee, P. S. & Dennis, J.: Physical and immunologic properties of rubella antigens. J Immunol, 100: 851, 1968
  • Schmidt, N. J. & Styk, B.: Immunodiffusion reactions with rubella antigens. J Immunol, 101: 210, 1968
  • Scotti, A. T. & Logan, L.: A specific IgM antibody test in neonatal congenital syphilis. J Pediatr, 73: 242, 1968
  • Sedwick, W. D. & Sokol, F.: Nucleic acid of rubella virus and its replication in hamster kidney cells. J Virol, 5: 478, 1970
  • Sever, J. L., Fabiyi, A., McCallin, P. F., Chu, P. T., Weiss, W. & Gilkeson, M. R.: Rubella antibody among pregnant women in Hawaii. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 92: 1006, 1965
  • Sever, J. L., Fuccillo, D. L., Gilkeson, M. R., Ley, A. & Traub, R.: Changing susceptibility to rubella. Obstet Gynecol, 32: 365, 1968
  • Sever, J. L., Fuccillo, D. A., Gitnick, G. L., Huebner, R. J., Gilkeson, M. R., Ley, A. C., Tzan, N. & Traub, R.: Rubella antibody determinations. Pediatrics, 40: 789, 1967
  • Sever, J. L., Hardy, J. B., Nelson, K. B. & Gilkeson, M. R.: Rubella in the collaborative perinatal research study. II. Clinical and laboratory findings in children through 3 years of age. Am J Dis Child, 118: 123, 1969
  • Sever, J. L., Huebner, R. J., Castellano, G. A., Sarma, P. S., Fabiyi, A., Schiff, G. M. & Cusumano, C. L.: Rubella complement fixation test. Science, 148: 385, 1965
  • Sever, J. L., Huebner, R. J., Fabiyi, A., Monif, G. R., Castellano, G., Cusumano, C. L., Traub, R. G., Lay, A. C., Gilkeson, M. R. & Roberts, J. M.: Antibody responses in acute and chronic rubella. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 122: 513, 1966
  • Siegel, M., Fuerst, H. T. & Guinee, V. F., Rubella epidemicity and embryopathy. Results of a long term prospective study. Am J Dis Child, 121: 469, 1971
  • Silverstein, A. M., Prendergast, R. A. & Parshall, C. J.: Cellular kinetics of the antibody response by the fetal rhesus monkey. J Immunol, 104: 269, 1970
  • Simons, M. J.: Congenital rubella: An immunological paradox? Lancet, 2: 1275, 1968
  • Simons, M. J. & Fitzgerald, M. G.: Rubella virus and human lymphocytes in culture. Lancet, 2: 937, 1968
  • Simons, M. J. & Jack, I.: Lymphocyte viraemia in congenital rubella. Lancet, 2: 953, 1968
  • Singer, D. B., South, M. A., Montgomery, J. R. & Rawls, W. E.: Congenital rubella syndrome. Lymphoid tissue and immunologic status. Am J Dis Child, 118: 54, 1969
  • Slinn, R. F., Nowak, M. J., Dorman, D. C., Menser, M. A. & Forrest, J. M.: A spectrum of rubella immunity. Med J Aust, 2: 417, 1971
  • Soothill, J. F., Hayes, K. & Dudgeon, J. A.: Immunoglobulins in congenital rubella. Lancet, 1: 1385, 1966
  • Staub, H. P.: Post rubella thrombocytopenic purpura. A report of eight cases with discussion of hemorrhagic manifestations of rubella, Clin Pediatr, 7: 350, 1968
  • Steen, E. & Thorp, K. H.: Encephalitis and thrombocytopenic purpura after rubella. Arch Dis Child, 31: 470, 1956
  • Stern, H.: Rubella virus complement-fixation test. Nature, 208: 200, 1965
  • Stewart, G. L., Parkman, P. D., Hopps, H. E., Douglas, R. D., Hamilton, J. P. & Meyer, H. M.: Rubella virus hemagglutination-inhibition test. N Engl J Med 276: 554, 1967
  • Stiehm, E. R., Ammann, A. J. & Cherry, J. D.: Elevated cord macroglobulins in the diagnosis of intrauterine infections. N Engl J Med, 275: 971, 1966
  • Stout, M., James, B. R., Lee, J. & Murphy, A. M.: An evaluation of the hemagglutination inhibition test as an aid to the diagnosis of rubella. Med J Aust, 2: 941, 1969
  • Strannegård, Ö., Holm, S. E., Hermodsson, S., Norrby, R. & Lycke, E.: Case of apparent reinfection with rubella. Lancet, 1: 240, 1970
  • Suganuma, M., Kohno, S., Kohase, M. & Shimizu, Y.: Occurrence of rubella virus lacking haemagglutinating activity. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 29: 263, 1970
  • Swan, G., Tostevin, A. L. & Black, G. H. B.: Final observations on congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy with special reference to rubella. Med J Aust, 2: 889, 1946
  • Tadzer, I. S.: Hemorrhagic disturbance in rubella. Acta Med Iugosl, 12: 233, 1958
  • Tammilehto, R.: Personal communication (State Medical Board of Finland)
  • Taylor-Dickinson, P. C., Chang, T. & Weinstein, L.: Association of Lanthanum staining material with hemagglutination of rubella virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 132: 55, 1969
  • Toivanen, P., Mäntyjärvi, R. & Hirvonen, T.: Maternal antibodies in human foetal sera at different stages of gestation. Immunology, 15: 395, 1968
  • U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfar.: Standardized rubella hemagglunation-inhibition test. Immunologic Series No. 2: Procedural Guide, October 1970
  • Vaheri, A., V. Bonsdorff, C-H., Vesikari, T., Hovi, T. & Väänänen, P.: Purification of rubella virus particles. J Gen Virol, 5: 39, 1969
  • Vaheri, A. & Hovi, T.: Structural proteins and and subunits of rubella virus. J Virol, 9: 10, 1972
  • Vaheri, A., Salmi, A. & Vesikari, T.: Antigens of rubella virions and virus specific soluble components in rubella infected BHK21 cells. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 25, ( suppl 113): 104, 1970
  • Vaheri, A., Sedwick, W. D., Plotkin, S. A. & Maes, R.: Cytopathic effect of rubella virus in BHK21 cells and growth to high titers in suspension culture. Virology, 27: 239, 1965
  • Vaheri, A., Vesikari, T., Oker-Blom, N., Sep-pälä, M., Veronelli, J., Robbins, F. C. & Parkman, P. D.: Transmission of attenuated rubella vaccines to the human fetus. Am J Dis Child, 118: 243, 1969
  • Veale, H.: History of an epidemic of Rötheln, with observations on its pathology. Edin Med J, 12: 404, 1866
  • Veronelli, J. A. & Eckert, E. A.: A new technique for preparation of rubella complement fixing antigens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 121: 1223, 1966
  • Vesikari, T. & Kunnas, M.: Virologic and clinical study on babies whose mothers had rubella infection during the latter two trimesters of pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 25 ( suppl 113): 106, 1970
  • Weller, T. H., Alford, C. A. Jr. & Neva, F. A.: Retrospective diagnosis by serological means of congenitally acquired rubella infection. N Engl J Med, 270: 1039, 1964
  • Weller, T. H. & Neva, F. A.: Propagation in tissue culture of cytopathogenic agents from patients with rubella-like illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 111: 215, 1962
  • White, L. R., Leikin, S., Villavicencio, O., Abernathy, W., Avery, G. & Sever, J. L.: Immune competence in congenital rubella: Lymphocyte transformation, delayed hypersensitivity, and response to vaccination. J Pediatr, 73: 229, 1968
  • Wilkins, J., Leedom, J. M., Portnoy, B. & Salvatore, M. A.: Reinfection with rubella virus despite live vaccine induced immunity. Am J Dis Child, 118: 275, 1969
  • Witte, J. J., Karhmer, A. W., Case, G., Herrmann, K. L., Abrutyn, E., Kassanoff, A. W., Neill, J. S.: Epidemiology of rubella. Am J Dis Child, 118: 107, 1969
  • Wong, K. T., Baron, S. & Ward, T. G.: Rubella virus: Role of interferon during infection of African green monkey kidney cultures. J Immunol, 99: 1140, 1967
  • Wong, K. T., Robinson, W. S. & Merigan, T. C.: Inhibition of rubella-virus-specific RNA synthesis by interferon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 136: 615, 1971
  • Wyll, S. A. & Witte, J. J.: Measles in previously vaccinated children. An epidemiological study. JAMA, 216: 1306, 1971
  • Yanez, J. E., Thompson, G. R., Mikkelsen, W. M. & Bartholomew, L. E.: Rubella arthritis. Ann Intern Med, 4: 772, 1966

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.