125
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellany

Positions in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases: Excerpts from the 8th IFIPD Congress Stockholm, June 8–11, 1982

Pages 1-156 | Published online: 02 Jan 2015

References

  • Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Fifth Annual Report 1980–1981.
  • Godfrey, D. G.: Identification of economically important parasites. Nature 273: 600, 1978
  • Miles, M. A., : Do radically disimilar Trypanosoma Cruzi strains (Zymodemes) cause Venezuelan and Brazilian forms of Chagas' disease. Lancet 1: 1338, 1981

References

  • Epstein, M. A. & Achong, B. G.: Epstein-Barr virus, malaria and Burkitt's lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr Virus. Springer-Verlag. Berlin and New York 1979
  • Klein, G.: Introduction to “Viral Oncology”, pp. V–IX. Raven Press, N.Y. 1980
  • Yefenof, E., Klein, G., Mondal, M. & Oldstone, M. B. A.: Surface markers on human B- and T-lymphocytes. IX. Two-color immunofluorescence studies on the association between EBV receptors and complement receptors on the surface of lymphoid cell lines. Int J Cancer 17: 693–700, 1976
  • Jondal, M., Klein, G., Oldstone, M. B. A., Bokish, V. & Yefenof, E.: Surface markers on human B and T lymphocytes. VIII. Association between complement and Epstein-Barr virus receptors on human lymphoid cells. Scand J Immunol 5: 401–410, 1976
  • Klein, G., Yefenof, E., Falk, K. & Westman, A.: Relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-production and the loss of the EBV receptor/complement receptor complex in a series of sublines derived from the same original Burkitt's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 21: 552–560, 1978
  • Graessman, A., Wolf, H. & Bornkam, G. W.: Expression of Epstein-Barr virus genes in different cell types after microinjection of viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci 77: 433–436, 1980
  • Volsky, D. J., Shapiro, I. M. & Klein, G.: Transfer of Epstein-Barr virus receptors in receptor-negative cells permits virus penetration and antigen expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 77: 5453–5457, 1980
  • Reedman, B. M. & Klein, G.: Cellular localization of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated complement-fixing antigen in producer and non-producer lymphoblastoid cell lines. Int J Cancer 11: 499–520, 1973
  • Einhorn, L. & Ernberg, I.: Induction of EBNA precedes the first cellular S-phase after EBV-infection of human lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 21: 157–160, 1978
  • Miller, G.: Biology of Epstein-Barr virus. In: Viral oncology ed. G. Klein), pp. 713–738. Raven Press, New York 1980
  • Nilsson, K. & Pontén, J.: Classification and biological nature of established human hematopoietic cell lines. Int J Cancer 15: 321–341, 1975
  • Hausen zur, H.: Oncogenic herpesviruses. Biochim Biophys Acta 447: 25–53, 1975
  • Adams, A. & Lindahl, T.: Epstein-Barr virus genomes with properties of circular DNA molecules in carrier cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 1477–1481, 1975
  • Adams, A.: Molecular biology of the Epstein-Barr virus. In: Viral oncology ed. G. Klein), pp. 683–711. Raven Press, New York 1980
  • Klein, G., Dombos, L. & Gothoskar, B.: Sensitivity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) producer and non-producer human lymphoblastoid cell lines to superinfection with EB-virus. Int J Cancer 10: 44–57, 1972
  • Gerber, P.: Activation of Epstein-Barr virus by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in “virus-free” human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 69: 83–85, 1972
  • Hampar, B., Berge, J. G., Martos, I. M. & Walter, J. L.: Synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus after activation of the viral genome in a “virus negative” human lymphoblastoid cell (Raji) made resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 69: 78–82, 1982
  • Yamamoto, N. & Hausen, H. Zur.: Tumour promoter TPA enhances transformation of human leukocytes by Epstein-Barr virus. Nature 280: 244–245, 1979
  • Luka, J., Kallin, B. & Klein, G.: Induction of the Epstein-Barr (EBV) cycle in latently infected cells by n-butyrate. Virology 94: 228–231, 1979
  • Tovey, M. C., Lenoir, G. & Begon-Lours, J.: Activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus by antibody to human IgM. Nature 276: 270–272, 1978
  • Ben-Sasson, S. & Klein, G.: Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus genome by 5-aca-zytidine in latently infected human lymphoid lines. Int J Cancer 28: 131–135, 1981
  • Zeuthen, J. & Klein, G.: B-cell and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated functions in human cells and hybrids. In: Transfer of cell constituents into eukaryotic cells. NATO advanced study inst. series A, vol. 31 ed. J. E. Celis, A. Graessman & A. Loyter), pp. 235–273. Plenum Press, N.Y. 1980
  • Neubauer, R. H., Rabin, H., Strand, B. C., Nonoyama, M. & Nelson-Ress, W. A.: Establishment of a lymphoblastoid cell line and isolation of an Epstein-Barr-related virus of gorilla origin. J Virol 31: 845–848, 1979
  • Rabin, H., Neubauer, R. H. & Hopkins, F.: In vitro lymphocyte transformation by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-like virus isolated from old-world non-human primates. IARC Sci Publ 24, pp. 553–557, 1978
  • Ohno, S., Luka, J., Falk, L. & Klein, G.: Serological reactivities of human and baboon sera against EBNA and Herpesvirus papio-determined nuclear antigen (HUPNA). Eur J Cancer 14: 955–960, 1978
  • Falk, L., Henle, G., Henle, W., Deinhardt, F. & Schudel, A.: Transformation of lymphocytes by herpesvirus papio. Int J Cancer 20: 219–226, 1977
  • Falk, L., Lindahl, T. & Klein, G.: Herpesvirus papio: State of viral DNA in baboon lymphoblastoid cell lines. In: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses. III. Proc. of the Third Int. Symp. on Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses held in Cambridge, Mass., USA ed. G. de Thé, W. Henle & F. Rapp), pp. 131–135. Lyon 1978
  • Fleckenstein, B. & Mulder, C.: Molecular biological aspects of herpesvirus saimiri and herpesvirus ateles. In: Viral oncology ed. G. Klein), pp. 799–812. Raven Press, N.Y. 1980
  • Nilsson, K., Giovanella, B. C., Stehlin, J. S. & Klein, G.: Tumorigenicity of human hematopoietic cell lines in athymic nude mice. Int J Cancer 19: 337–344, 1977
  • Giovanella, B. C., Nilsson, K., Zech, L., Yim, O., Klein, G. & Stehlin, J. S.: Growth of diploid, Epstein-Barr virus carrying human lymphoblastoid cell lines heterotransplanted into nude mice under immunologically privileged conditions. Int J Cancer 24: 103–113, 1979
  • Povlsen, C. O., Fialkow, P. J., Klein, E., Klein, G., Rygaard, J. & Wiener, F.: Growth and antigenic properties of a biopsy-derived Burkitt's lymphoma in thymus-less (nude) mice. Int J Cancer 11: 30–39, 1973
  • Henle, G., Henle, W. & Diehl, V.: Relation of Burkitt's tumor-associated herpes type virus to infectious mononucleosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 59: 94–101, 1968
  • Klein, G., Svedmyr, E., Jondal, M. & Persson, P. O.: EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive cells in the peripheral blood of infectious mononucleosis patients. Int J Cancer 17: 21–26, 1976
  • Robinson, J., Smith, D. & Niederman, J.: Mitotic EBNA positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood during infectious mononucleosis. Nature 287: 334–335, 1980
  • Britton, S., Andersson-Anvret, M., Gergely, P., Henle, W., Jondal, M., Klein, G., Sandstedt, B. & Svedmyr, E.: Epstein-Barr virus immunity and tissue distribution in a fatal case of infectious mononucleosis. New Engl J Med 298: 89–92, 1978
  • Svedmyr, E., Jondal, M., Henle, W., Weiland, O., Rombo, L. & Klein, G.: EBV specific killer T cells and serologic responses after onset of infectious mononucleosis. J Clin Lab Immunol 1: 225–232, 1978
  • Pattengale, P. K., Smith, R. W. & Perlin, E.: Atypical lymphocytes in acute infectious mononucleosis. Identification by multiple T and B lymphocyte markers. New Engl J Med 29: 1145–1148, 1974
  • Giulano, V. G., Jasin, H. A. & Ziff, M.: The nature of the atypical lymphocyte in infectious mononucleosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3: 90–98, 1974
  • Ernberg, R. N., Eberle, B. J. & Williams, C. R., Jr., T and B-cells in peripheral blood during infectious mononucleosis. J Inf Dis 130: 104, 1974
  • Sheldon, P. J., Papamichael, M., Hemsted, E. H. & Holborow, E. J.: Thymic origin of atypical lymphoid cells in infectious mononucleosis. Lancet 1: 1153–1155, 1973
  • Svedmyr, E. & Jondal, M.: Cytotoxic effector cells specific for B cell lines transformed by Epstein-Barr virus are present in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 72: 1622–1626, 1973
  • Rickinson, A. B., Moss, D. J. & Pope, J. H.: Long-term T-cell-mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in man. II. Components necessary for regression in virus-infected leukocyte cultures. Int J Cancer 23: 610–617, 1979
  • Moss, D. J., Rickinson, A. B. & Pope, J. H.: Long-term T-cell mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in man. III. Activation of cytotoxic T cells in virus-infected leukocyte cultures. Int J Cancer 23: 618–625, 1979
  • Moss, D. J., Rickinson, A. B. & Pope, J. H.: Long-term T-cell-mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in man. I. Complete regression of virus-induced transformation in cultures of seropositive donor leukocytes. Int J Cancer 22: 662–668, 1978
  • Masucci, M. G., Masucci, G., Klein, E. & Berthold, W.: Target selectivity of interferon-induced human killer lymphocytes related to their Fc receptor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 77: 3620–3624, 1980
  • Gerber, P.: Definition of infectious and transforming EBV based on known biologic effects in human cells. IARC Sci Publi II, 1975
  • Pearson, G., Johansson, B. & Klein, G.: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens in African patients with nasopharyngel carcinoma. Int J Cancer 22: 120–125, 1978
  • Pearson, G. R., Qualtiere, L. F., Klein, G., Norin, T. & Bal, I. S.: Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 24: 402–406, 1979
  • Mukojima, T., Gunvén, P. & Klein, G.: Circulating antigen-antibody complex associated with Epstein-Barr virus in recurrent Burkitt's lymphoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 51: 1319–1321, 1973
  • Gunvén, P., Klein, G., Clifford, P. & Singh, S.: Epstein-Barr virus associated membrane-reactive antibodies during long term survival after Burkitt's lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 1422–1426, 1974
  • Purtilo, D. T.: Epstein-Barr virus-induced oncogenesis in immune deficient individuals. Lancet 8163: 300–303, 1981
  • Saemundsen, A. K., Purtilo, D. T., Sakamoto, K., Sullivan, J. L., Synnerholm, A. C., Hanto, D., Simmons, R., Anvret, M., Collins, R. & Klein, G.: Documentation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in immunodeficient patients with life-threatening lymphoproliferative diseases by Epstein-Barr virus complementary RNA/DNA and viral DNA/DNA hybridization. Cancer Res 41: 4237–4242, 1981
  • Hanto, D. W., Frizzera, G., Purtilo, D. T., Sakamoto, K., Sullivan, J. L., Saemundsen, A. K., Klein, G., Simmons, R. L. & Najarian, J. S.: Clinical spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders in renal transplant recipients and evidence for the role of Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer Res 41: 4253–4261, 1981
  • Saemundsen, A. K., Berkel, A. I., Henle, W., Henle, G., Anvret, M., Sanal, Ö., Ersoy, F., Caglar, M. & Klein, G., Epstein-Barr-virus-carrying lymphoma in a patient with ataxia telangiectasia. Br Med J 282: 425–427, 1981
  • Masucci, M. G., Szigeti, R., Ernberg, I., Masucci, G., Klein, G., Chessels, J., Sieff, C., Lie, S., Glomstein, A., Businco, L., Henle, W., Henle, G., Pearson, G., Sakamoto, K. & Purtilo, D. T.: Cellular immune defects to Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens in young males. Cancer Res 41: 4284–4291, 1981
  • Masucci, M. G., Szigeti, R., Ernberg, I., Björkholm, M., Mellstedt, H., Henle, G., Henle, W., Pearson, G., Masucci, G., Svedmyr, E., Johansson, B. & Klein, G.: Cell-mediated immune reactions in three patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases in remission and abnormally high Epstein-Barr virus-antibody titers. Cancer Res 41: 4292–4301, 1981
  • Szigeti, R., Luka, J. & Klein, G.: Leukocyte migration inhibition studies with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) in relation to the EBV-carrier status of the donor. Cellular Immunol 58: 269–276, 1981
  • Szigeti, R., Masucci, M. G., Henle, W., Henle, G., Purtilo, D. T. & Klein, G.: Effect of different Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens (EBNA, EA and VCA) on the leukocyte migration of healthy donors and patients with infectious mononucleosis and certain immunodeficiencies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 22: 128–138, 1982
  • Szigeti, R., Volsky, D. J., Luka, J. & Klein, G.: Membranes of EBV-carrying virus nonproducer cells inhibit leukocyte migration of EBV-seropositive but not seronegative donors. J Immunol 126: 1676–1679, 1981
  • Penn, I.: Tumors arising in organ transplant recipients. Adv Cancer Res 28: 31–61, 1978
  • Furth, J.: Conditioned and autonomous neoplasms: A review. Cancer Res 13: 477–492, 1953
  • Klein, G.: The Epstein-Barr virus and neoplasia. New Engl J Med 293: 1353, 1975
  • Lennert, K.: Malignant lymphomas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York 1978
  • Gunvén, P., Klein, G., Klein, E., Norin, T. & Singh, S.: Surface immunoglobulins on Burkitt's lymphoma biopsy cells from 91 patients. Int J Cancer 25: 711–719, 1980
  • van Boxel, J. A. & Buell, D. N.: IgD on cell membranes of human lymphoid cell lines with multiple immunoglobulin classes. Nature 251: 443–444, 1974
  • Spira, G., Åman, P., Koide, N., Lundin, G., Klein, G. & Hall, K.: Cell-surface immunoglobulin and insulin receptor expression in an EBV-negative lymphoma cell line and its EBV-converted sublines. J Immunol 126: 122–126, 1981
  • Zerbini, M. & Ernberg, I.: Can Epstein-Barr virus infect and transform all the B-lymphocytes of human cord-blood? J Virol (submitted)
  • Olweny, Ch. L. M., Atine, I., Kaddu-Mukasa, A., Owor, R., Andersson-Anvret, M., Klein, G., Henle, W. & Thé de, G.: Epstein-Barr virus genome studies in Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphomas in Uganda. J Natl Cancer Inst 58: 1191–1196, 1977
  • Klein, G.: Studies on the Epstein-Barr virus genome and the EBV-determined nuclear antigen in human malignant disease. Cold Spring Harbor Symp on Quant Biol 39: 783–790, 1975
  • Lindahl, T., Klein, G., Reedman, B. M., Johansson, B. & Singh, S.: Relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) in Burkitt lymphoma biopsies and other lymphoproliferative malignancies. Int J Cancer 13: 764–772, 1974
  • Hausen zur, H. & Schulte-Holthausen, H.: Presence of EB-virus nucleic acid homology in a “virus-free” line of Burkitt tumour cells. Nature 227: 245–248, 1970
  • Nonoyama, M., Huang, C. H., Pagano, J. S., Klein, G. & Singh, S.: DNA of Epstein-Barr virus detected in tissue of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 70: 3265–3268, 1973
  • Thé de, G.: Role of Epstein-Barr virus in human disease: Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Viral oncology ed. G. Klein), pp. 769–797. Raven Press, N.Y. 1980
  • Andersson, M., Klein, G., Ziegner, J. L. & Henle, W.: Association of Epstein-Barr viral genomes with American Burkitt lymphoma. Nature 260: 357–359, 1976
  • Klein, G., Lindahl, T., Jondal, M., Leibold, W., Menezes, J., Nilsson, K. & Sundström, Ch.: Continuous lymphoid cell lines with B-cell characteristics that lack the Epstein-Barr virus genome, derived from three human lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 71: 3283–3286, 1974
  • Menezes, J., Leibold, W., Klein, G. & Clements, G.: Establishment and characterization of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative lymphoblastoid B cell line (BJAB) from an exceptional EBV-genome-negative African Burkitt's lymphoma. Biomedicine 22: 276–284, 1975
  • Klein, G., Giovanella, B., Westman, A., Stehlin, J. G. & Mumford, D.: An EBV-genome-negative cell line established from an African Burkitt lymphoma; receptor characteristics. EBV infectability and permanent conversion into EBV-positive sublines by in vitro infection. Intervirology 5: 319–334, 1975
  • Klein, G. & Lenoir, G.: Translocation of specific chromosome fragments to Ig-locus carrying chromosomes in B-cell derived neoplasia: Alternative model for permanent oncogene activation in tumorigenesis. Advances in Cancer Res (submitted)
  • Klein, G.: Herpesviruses and oncogenesis. Nature 252: 348–350, 1974
  • Montagnier, L. & Gruest, J.: Cell-density-dependence for growth in agarose of two human lymphoma lines and its decrease after Epstein-Barr virus conversion. Int J Cancer 23: 71–75, 1979
  • Steinitz, M. & Klein, G.: Comparison between growth characteristics of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-genome-negative lymphoma line and its EBV-converted subline in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci 72: 3518–3520, 1975
  • Steinitz, M. & Klein, G.: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced change in the saturation sensitivity and serum dependence of established, EBV-negative lymphoma lines in vitro. Virology 70: 570–573, 1976
  • Steinitz, M. & Klein, G.: Superinfection of EBV-carrying lines with herpesvirus papio (HVP): Induction of early antigen (EA) and inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis. Europ J Cancer 15: 217–222, 1979

References

  • Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. (ed.), Black, R. H., Canfield, C. J., Clyde, D. F., Peters, W. & Wernsdorfer, W. H.: Chemotherapy of malaria, 2nd ed. WHO, Geneva, 1981
  • Desjardins, R. E., Canfield, C. J., Haynes, J. D. & Chulay, J. D.: Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activity in vitro by a semi-automated microdilution technique. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 16: 710–718, 1979
  • Neiva, A.: Über die Bildung einer chininresistenten Rasse des Malariaparasiten. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2: 131–140, 1910
  • Nguyen-Dinh, P. & Payne, D.: Pyrimethamine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum: determination in vitro by a modified 48-hour test. Bull WHO 58: 909–912, 1980
  • Nocht, B. & Werner, H.: Beobachtungen über relative Chininresistenz bei Malaria aus Brasilien. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 36: 1557–1560, 1910
  • Richards, W. H. G. & Maples, B. K. Studies on Plasmodium falciparum in continuous cultivation. I. The effect of chloroquine and pyrimethamine on parasite growth and viability. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73: 99–108, 1979
  • Schmidt, L. H., Harrison, J., Rossan, R. N., Vaughan, D. & Crosby, R.: Quantitative aspects of pyrimethamine-sulfonamide synergism. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 837–849, 1977

References

  • Sweeney, T. R.: The present status of malaria chemotherapy: Mefloquine, a novel antimalarial. Med Res Rev 1: 281–301, 1981
  • Rozman, R. S. & Canfield, C. J.: New experimental antimalarial drugs. In: Advances in pharmacology and chemotherapy, vol. 16, pp. 1–43. Academic Press, New York 1979
  • Canfield, C. J.: Antimalarial aminoalcohol alternatives to mefloquine. Acta Tropica 37: 232–237, 1980
  • Sweeney, T. R., Davidson, D. E., Nodiff, E. A., Saggiomo, A. J. & LaMontagne, M. P.: Recent developments in potential 8- and 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs. Int. Symposium on Chemotherapy and Immunology in the Control of Malaria, Filariasis and Leishmaniasis, Lucknow, India, 18–21, Feb. 1981
  • Zhang Xiuping, Li Guangyun, Dai Zurui, Qian Yongle & Chen Lin: Studies on antimalarial. III. Synthesis and antimalarial activities of some derivatives of 2,4-diamino-6-substituted piperazinyl quinazolines. Acta Pharm Sinica 16: 415–424, 1981
  • Klayman, D. L., Scovill, J. P., Bartosevich, J. F. & Mason, C. J.: 2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 2. N4,N4-disubstituted derivatives as potential antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 22: 1367–1373, 1979
  • Davidson, D. E., Ager, A. L., Brown, J. L., Chapple, F. E., Whitmire, R. D. & Rossan, R. N.: New tissue schizontocidal antimalarial drugs. Bull WHO 59 (3): 463–479, 1981
  • Strube, R. E. & LaMontagne, M. P.: 4-Methyl-5-(unsubstituted and substituted phenoxy)-6-methoxy-8-(aminoalkylamino) quinoline antimalarials. U.S. Patent Application SN 158, 798, 1980
  • Nodiff, E. A. & Saggiomo, A. J.: 5-Alkoxy-8-quino-linamines for the broad-spectrum treatment of malaria. U.S. Patient Application SN 229, 487, 1981
  • LaMontagne, M. P., Markovac, A. & Khan, M. S.: Antimalarials 13. 5-Alkoxy analogs of 4-methylprimaquine. J. Med Chem 25: 964–968, 1982
  • LaMontagne, M. P., Strube, R. E. & Blumbergs, P.: Antimalarials 14. 5-Aryloxy-4-methylprimaquine analogs, a highly effective series of blood and tissue schizontocidal agents. J Med Chem 25: 1094–1097, 1982
  • Nodiff, E. A., Tanabe, K., Chen, E. H. Saggiomo, A. J.: Modifications of primaquine as antimalarials. 3. 5-Phenoxy derivatives of primaquine. J Med Chem 25: 1097–1101, 1982

Reference

  • Jaywardena, A. N.: Immune responses in malaria. In: Parasitic diseases ed. J. M. Mansfield). Marcel Kekker Inc., 1981

References

  • Aikawa, M., Yoshida, N., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V.: The protective antigen of rodent malarial sporozoites (Plasmodium berghei) is a differentiation antigen. J Immunol 126: 2494, 1981
  • Carter, R. & Gwadz, R. W.: Infectiousness and gamete immunization. In: Malaria, vol. 3 ed. J. P. Kreier), pp. 263–293. Academic Press, New York 1980
  • Cochrane, A. H., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nardin, E. H.: Immunization against sporozoites. In: Malaria, vol. 3 ed. J. P. Kreier) pp. 163–197. Academic Press, New York 1980
  • Cochrane, A. H., Santoro, F., Nussenzweig, V., Gwadz, R. & Nussenzweig, R. S.: Monoclonal antibodies identify the protective antigens of sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi. Proc Natl Acad Sci 79 (18): 5651, 1982
  • Cohen, S.: Progress in malaria vaccine development. Br Med Bull 38: 161, 1982
  • Epstein, N., Miller, L. H., Kaushel, D. C., Udeniya, I. J., Rener, J., Howard, R. J., Asofsy, R., Aikawa, M. & Hess, R. L.: Monoclonal antibodies against a specific surface determinant on malarial (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites block erythrocytic invasion. J Immunol 127: 212, 1981
  • Freeman, R. F., Trejdosiewicz, A. J. & Cross, G.: Protective monoclonal antibodies recognizing stage-specific merozoite antigens of rodent malaria parasites. Nature 284: 366, 1980
  • Gwadz, R. W. & Green, I.: Malaria immunization in rhesus monkeys: A vaccine effective against both the sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium knowlesi. J Exp Med 148: 1311, 1978
  • Holder, A. A. & Freeman, R. R.: Immunization against blood-stage rodent malaria using purified parasite antigens. Nature 294: 364, 1981
  • Hollingdale, M. R., Zavala, F., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V.: Antibodies to the protective antigen of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites prevent entry into cultured cells. J Immunol 128: 1929, 1982
  • Kilejian, A.: Histidine-rich protein as a model malaria vaccine. Science 201: 922, 1978
  • Köhler, G. & Milstein, C.: Continous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256: 495, 1975
  • Lambros, C. & Vanderberg, J. P.: Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages in culture. J Parasitol 65: 418, 1979
  • Lerner, R. A., Green, N., Olson, A., Shinnick, T. & Sutcliffe, J. G.: The development of synthetic vaccines. Hosp Practice 16: 55, 1981
  • Mendis, K. N. & Targett, G. A. T.: Immunization against gametes and asexual erythrocytic stages of a rodent malaria parasite. Nature 277: 389, 1979
  • Nardin, E. H., Nussenzweig, V., Nussenzweig, R. S., Collins, W. E., Harinasuta, T., Tapachaisri, P. & Chomcharn, Y.: Circumsporozoite proteins of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. J Exp Med 156: 20, 1982
  • Nussenzweig, R. S.: Use of radiation-attenuated sporozoites in the immunoprophylaxis of malaria. J Nucl Med & Biol 7: 89, 1980
  • Perrin, L. H., Ramirez, E., Lambert, Ph. H. & Miescher, P. A.: Inhibition of P. falciparum growth in human erythrocytes by monoclonal antibodies. Nature 289: 301, 1981
  • Potocnjak, P., Yoshida, N., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V.: Monovalent fragments (Fab) of monoclonal antibodies to a sporozoite surface antigen (Pb44) protect mice against malaria infection. J Exp Med 151: 1504, 1980
  • Potocnjak, P., Zavala, F., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V.: Inhibition of idiotype-anti-idiotype interaction for detection of a parasite antigen: A new immunoassay. Science 215: 1637, 1982
  • Rener, J., Carter, R., Rosenberg, Y. & Miller, L. H.: Antigamete monoclonal antibodies synergistically block transmission of malaria by preventing fertilization in the mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6797, 1980
  • Santoro, F., Cochrane, A. H., Nussenzweig, V., Nardin, E. H., Nussenzweig, R. S., Gwadz, R. W. & Ferreira, A.: Structural similarities between the protective antigens of sporozoites from different species of malaria. J Biol Chem 1983 (in press)
  • Siddiqui, W. A.: Immunization against asexual blood-inhabiting stages of Plasmodia. In: Malaria, vol. 3 ed. J. P. Kreier) pp. 231–257. Academic Press, New York 1980
  • Trager, W. & Jensen, J. B.: Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193: 643, 1976
  • Yoshida, N., Nussenzweig, R. S., Potocnjak, P., Nussenzweig, V. & Aikawa, M.: Hybridoma produces protective antibodies directed against the sporozoite stage of malaria parasite. Science 207: 71, 1980
  • Yoshida, N., Potocnjak, P., Nussenzweig, V. & Nussenzweig, R. S.: Biosynthesis of Pb44, the protective antigen of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. J Exp Med 154: 1225, 1981
  • Zavala, F., Gwadz, R. W., Collins, F. H., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V.: Monoclonal antibodies to circumsporozoite proteins identify the species of malaria parasite in infected mosquitoes. Nature (London) 299, 1982

References

  • Intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections. Techn Rep Ser 666, WHO, Geneva, 1981, 150 pp.
  • Lopez, C. E., Dykes, A. C., Juranek, D. D., Sinclair, S. P. : Am J Epidemiol 112: 495–507, 1980
  • Pawlowsky, Z. S., Kasprzak, W., Koziecka, W. & Lisowska, M.: VIII International Congress on Infections and Parasitic Diseases. Stockholm, 1982, Abstracts, pp. 106–107.
  • Stephensen, L. S.: Parasitology 81: 221–233, 1980
  • Mata, L. G.: Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 564–575, 1975
  • Tomkins, A. M., Madic, K. & Ogilvie, B. M.: Gut 18A: 970, 1977
  • Tomkins, A. M.: Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 72: 33–36, 1978
  • Pavlov, B. A.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Sovetskaya Medicina (7) 143–147, 1963
  • Karnauchov, V. K., Faibusovitch, G. M. & Zalnova, N. S.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Sovetskaya Medicina (8), 150–155, 1966
  • Plotnikov, N. N., Ozeretskovskaya, N. N., Karnauchov V. K. : (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i parasitarnye bolezni 36: 379–384, 1967
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Vestnik Akademii Medicinskih Nauk SSSR (6), 36–43, 1975
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian.) In: Fundamental helminthology (ed. R. S. Schultz & E. V. Gvozdev), pp. 169–214. Nauka, Moscow, 1976
  • Pavlov, B. A.: Acute opistorchiasis, 74 pp. (In Russian.) Tomsk, 1979
  • Bronstein, A. M.: (In Russian with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i parasitarnye bolezni 51 (5): 12–16, 1982
  • Marsden, P. D. (Ed.): Intestinal parasites. Clin Gastroenterol 7: 1–243, 1978
  • Lazda, V. A.: Fed Proc 39: 125–129, 1980
  • Soothill, J. E., Smits, M. D. & Morgan, A. C.: In: Pathogenic processes in parasitic infections (ed. E. K. Taylor & R. Muller), pp. 59–68. Oxford, 1975
  • Zubov, N. A. & Shain, A. A.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Voprosy onkologii 17: 34–39, 1971
  • Blochin, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Vestnik Akademii Medicinskih Nauk SSSR (5): 3–9, 1978
  • Clinical approach to infection in the compromised host (ed. R. H. Rubin & L. S. Young), 653 pp. Plenum Publ. Corporat., New York, 1981
  • Scowden, E. B., Schaffner, W. & Stone, W. J.: Medicine 57: 527–544, 1978
  • Ito, A.: Exp Parasitol 49: 248–257, 1980
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: Clinical aspects of giardiasis. WHO, INT. PAR/WP/80, 13, 11 pp.
  • Ruddell, W. S. J., Axon, A. T. R., Findlay, J. M., Bartholomew, B. A. & Hill, M. J.: The Lancet, March 29, 672–675, 1980
  • Hopper, R. E., Gesty, C. L. & Davies, W. A.: J Immunol 126: 1052–1058, 1981
  • Grönneberg, R., Strandberg, K., Stalenheim, G. & Zetterström, O.: Allergy 36: 201–208, 1981
  • Lang, I., Török, K., Gergely, P., Nekam, K., Petranyi, G. Y.: Scand J Immunol 13: 361–366, 1981
  • Campbell, W. C. & Blair, L. S.: Exp Parasitol 35: 304–334, 1974
  • Corba, J. & Spaldonova, R.: Folia Parasitol 24: 135–139, 1977
  • Yir, A.: Sakalauskaite. Medicinskaya Parasitologia i Parasitarnye Bolezni 47 (6): 23–28, 1978
  • Pereverseva, E. V., Ozeretskovskaya, N. N. & Veretennikova, N. L.: In: Trichinollosis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Trichinellosis (ed. Ch. W. Kim & Z. S. Pawlowsky)
  • Kochetkova, M. N. & Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Biochimia 7: 12–18, 1982
  • Merzlova, N. B.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologia i Parazitarnye Bolezni 51 (5): 17–22, 1982
  • Blagov, N. A. & Firsov, V. M.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologia i Parazitarnye Bolezni 51 (5): 23–28, 1982
  • Kouri, P. & Diaz, Valdes.: Rev Med Trop Parasitol 8: 37–41, 1952
  • Senyel, S. C., Sen, P. C., Tiwary, I. C. : Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 2–8, 1977
  • Research notes. J Parasitology 62: 839–841, 1976
  • Grove, D. I.: Br J 280: 598–601, 1980
  • Shad, G. A.: Science 180: 502–504, 1973
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N., Tumolskaya, N. I., Pereverseva, E. V. : (In Russian, with English summary.) Wiad Parasitol (4–5), 577–589, 1975
  • Mackenzie, C. D., Preston, P. M. & Ogilvie, B. M.: Nature 276: 826–828, 1978
  • Huldt, G., Davies, P., Allison, A. C. : Nature 277–214–216, 1979
  • Ridley, M. J.: Comment to the S. G. Wright Giardiasis. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 511, 1979
  • Sellwood, R.: Biochim Biophys Acta 632: 326–335, 1980
  • Mattern, C. F. T., Keister, D. B. & Natovitz, P. C.: Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 26–30, 1980
  • Gerasimova, N. G.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologia i Parasitarnye Bolezni 49 (5): 69–72, 1980
  • Herzberg, V., Boughter, I. M. & Carlisle, S.: Nature 286–278–281, 1980
  • Damian, R. T.: Am Naturalist 98: 129–149, 1964
  • Dineen, J. K.: Nature 197: 471–472
  • Pizza, A., Belevedere, M. C. : In: Histocompatibility testing (ed. Deusset, J. Colombani). Copenhagen, 1972. pp. 73–78
  • Greenwood, B. M.: In: Tropical Diseases Research Series, WHO (1), 229–244, 1979
  • Robert-Thomson, I. C., Mitchell, G. F. : Gut 21: 397–401, 1980
  • Unger, B., Mathews, J. D., Tait, B. D. & Cowling, D. C.: Br Med J 282: 768–770, 1981
  • Sprent, I.: In: Tropical Diseases Research Series, WHO (1), 43–58, 1979
  • Warren, K. S.: In: Parasites in the immunized host: mechanism of survival, pp. 243–261. Amsterdam, 1974
  • Allison, A. C., Christensen, J., Clark, I. A., Elford, B. C. & Sugui, S. M.: In: Tropical Diseases Research Series, WHO (I), 151–182, 1979
  • Ginovker, A. G. & Konovalova, L. A.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i Parasitarnye Bolezni 50 (2): 35–38, 1981
  • Dembinsky, A. B., Johston, L. R. & Castro, G. A.: Am J Trop Med Hyg 28: 854–862, 1979
  • de Junge, H. R.: Nature 262: 590–593, 1976
  • Kozjuk, P. M.: (In Russian) In: Materialy 2 Vsesojuznogo sjezda protozoologov, Leningrad, 1976, v. 2, pp. 52–53.
  • Frazier, F. & Glaser, L.: Ann Rev Biochem 48: 491–523, 1979
  • Lad, P. M. & Nielsen, T. B.: FEBS Letters 122: 179–183, 1980
  • Prakah, O.: Concluding remarks on “Symposium on Giardiasis”. Indian Practitioner 23: 177–179, 1970
  • Gupta, V. M., Gupta, J. M. & Marwah, S. M.: J Indian Med Assoc 69: 31–33, 1977
  • Nurieva, G. B., Podgorodnichenko, V. K. & Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i Parasitarnye Bolezni 48 (5): 47–50, 1979
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i Parasitarnye Bolezni 50 (5): 3–10, 1981
  • Ozeretskovskaya, N. N.: (In Russian, with English summary.) Medicinskaya Parasitologija i Parasitarnye Bolezni 50(6): 12–18, 1981

References

  • Dubini, A.: Nuovo verme intestinal umano (Agchylostoma duodenale) constituente un sesto genere dei nematoidei proprii dell'uomo. Annali Universali di Medicina 106: 5–13, 1843
  • Stiles, C. W.: A new species of hookworm (Uncinaria americana) parasitic in man. Am Med 3: 777–778, 1902
  • Peters, W. & Gilles, H.: A color atlas of tropical medicine and parasitology. Wolfe Medical Publications, London 1977
  • Layrisse, M. & Roche, M.: The relationship between anemia and hookworm infection. Results of surveys of rural Venezuelan populations. Am J Hyg 79: 279–301, 1964
  • Masuya, T.: Hookworm disease and nutrition. Seminar on parasitic control in the prevention and malnutrition, Tokyo, December 1–5, 1980
  • Hayashi, S.: Economic loss from parasites. In: Collected papers on the control of soil-transmitted helminthiases. (The APCO Research group), pp. 337–342, 1980
  • Report of a WHO-Expert-Committee: Control of Ascariasis. WHO. Technical Report Series No. 379. Geneva 1967
  • Stephenson, L. S., Latham M. C. & Oduori, M.: Costs, prevalence and approaches for control of Ascaris infection in Kenya. J Trop Pediatr 26: 246–263, 1980
  • Van den Bossche, H.: Peculiar targets in anthelmintic chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 1981–1990, 1980
  • WHO Techn Rep Ser No. 542 (1974)
  • Cross, J. H., Singson, C. N., Battad, S. & Basaca-Sevilla, V.: Intestinal capillariasis: Epidemiology, parasitology and treatment. In: Health policies in developing countries (ed. C. Wood and Y. Rue). Royal Society of Medicine. International Congress and Symposium Series, Number 24, pp. 81–87, 1980
  • Schmidt, G. D. & Roberts, L. S.: Foundations of parasitology, p. 428. The C. V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis
  • Williams, J. F., Lopez Adaros, H. & Trejos, A.: Current prevalence and distribution of hydatidosis with special reference to the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20: 224–236, 1971
  • Schantz, P. M. Van den Bossche, H. & Eckert, J.: Chemotherapy for larval echinococcosis in animals and humans: Report of a Workshop. Z Parasitenk 67: 5–26, 1982
  • Gatti, F., Krubwa, F., Vandepitte, J. & Thienpont, D.: Control of intestinal nematodes in African schoolchildren by the trimestrial administration of levamisole. Ann Soc Belg Méd Trop 52: 19–32, 1972
  • Moens, M., Dom, J., Burke, W. E., Schlossberg, S. & Schuermans, V.: Levamisole in Ascariasis. A multicenter controlled evaluation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 897–904, 1978
  • Miller, M. J., Farahmandian, I., Arfaa, F., Katz, N., Windsor, E. & Bennett, E.: An evaluation of levamisole for treatment of Ascariasis. Southern Med J 71 (2): 137–140, 1978
  • Kilpatrick, M.: Levamisole compared to mebendazole in the treatment of Ancylostoma duodenale in Egypt. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 578–579, 1981
  • Davis, A.: Drug treatment in intestinal helminthiasis, p. 29. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1973
  • Van den Bossche, H., Rochette, F. & Hörig, C.: Mebendazole and related anthelmintics. In: Advances in pharmacology and chemotherapy, vol. 19. Academic Press, New York 1982 (in press)
  • Jancloes, M. & Jancloes-Diepart, M.: Campagnes périodiques d'assainissement et de chimiothérapie de masse contre les nematodes intestinaux, appliquées isolement et en combinaison, au Bas Zaire. Ann Soc Belge Méd Trop 61: 111–118, 1981
  • Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T., Sabcharoen, A., Attanath, P., Panasoponkul, C. & Radomyos, P.: Treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in children with mebendazole. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72: 59–63, 1978
  • Stürchler, D., Stahel, E., Saladin, K. & Saladin, B.: Intestinal Parasitoses in eight Liberian settlements: Prevalences and community anthelmintic chemotherapy. Tropenmed Parasit 31: 87–93, 1980
  • Yangco, B. G., Klein, T. W., Derensinski, S. C., Vickery, A. C. & Craig, C. P.: Flubendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of Trichuriasis and other helminthiasis. Clinical Therapeutics 4: 285–290, 1981
  • Cabrera, B. D., Valdez, E. V. & Go, T. G.: Clinical trials of broad spectrum anthelminties against soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11: 502–506, 1980
  • Kan-Chua, S. P.: Comparative drug trials on the efficacy of mebendazole and flubendazole in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections in children. Symposium on: Progress in anthelmintic therapy, Kuala Lumpur, August, 20, 1980
  • Singson, C. N., Banzon, T. C. & Cross, J. H.: Mebendazole in the treatment of intestinal capillariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 932–934, 1975
  • Thienpont, D.: Le traitement de la trichinose. La nouv Presse Méd 5: 1759–1760, 1976
  • Sonnet, J. J. & Thienpont, D.: The treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. Acta Clin Belg 32: 297–302, 1977
  • Rivas-Alcala, A. R., Taylor, H. R., Ruvalcaba-Macias, A. M., Mackenzie, C. D., Greene, B. M., Domiquez-Vazquez, A., Lugo-Pfeiffer, C. & Beltran-Hernandez, F.: Chemotherapy of onchocerciasis: A controlled comparison of mebendazole, levamisole and diethylcarbamazine. Lancet ii: 485–490, 1981
  • Rivas-Alcala, A. R., Greene, B. M., Taylor, H. R., Domiguez-Vaques, A., Ruvalcaba-Macias, A. M., Lugo-Pfeiffer, C. & Beltran-Hernandez, F.: 12-month follow-up of mebendazole therapy for onchocerciasis. Lancet ii: 1043, 1981
  • Awadzi, K., Schulz-Key, H., Howells, R. E., Haddock, D. R. W. & Gillis, H. M. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis VIII. Levamisole and its combination with the benzimidazoles. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 76: 459–473, 1982
  • Mak, J. W. & Chan, W. C. (submitted to J. Current Med. Res. and Opinion) Treatment of Brugia malayi infection with mebendazole and levamisole.
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report—Centres for Disease Control. 30 (1981): 194–195. (Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis) and the International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.)
  • Gaitonde, B. B. & Renapurkar, D. M.: Report on mebendazole in dracunculiasis. Ethnor-India, 1975
  • Werczberger, A., Golham, J., Wertheim, G., Gunders, I. A. E. & Chowers, I.: Disseminated echinococcosis with repeated anaphylactic shock treated with mebendazole. Chest 76: 482–484, 1979
  • Wilson, J. F. & Rausch, R. L.: Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan eskimos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 1340–1355, 1980
  • Bekhti, A., Schaaps, J. P., Capron, M. Dessaint, J. P., Santoro, F. & Capron, A.: Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease with mebendazole: Preliminary results in four cases. Br Med J 2: 1047–1051, 1977
  • Bekhti, A.: Etude séro-immunologique et traitement médical de l'hydatidose humaine. Thesis, University of Liège, Belgium, 1979
  • Bryceson, A. D. M., Woestenborghs, R., Michiels, M. & Van den Bossche, H.: Bioavailability and tolerability of mebendazole in patients with inoperable hydatid disease. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 563–564, 1982

References

  • Field, M.: Secretion of electrolytes and water by mammalian small intestine. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, pp. 963–982 (ed. L. R. Johnson). Raven Press, New York 1981
  • Freter, R.: Association of enterotoxigenic bacteria with the mucosa of the small intestine: Mechanisms and pathogenic implications. In: Cholera and related diarrheas, pp. 155–170 (ed. Ouchterlony & Ö. J. Holmgren). Karger, Basel 1980
  • Holme, T., Holmgren, J., Merson, M. H. & Möllby, R. (eds.): Acute enteric infections in children. New prospects for treatment and prevention. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, 1981
  • Holmgren, J.: Action of cholera toxin and the prevention and treatment of cholera. Nature (London) 292: 413–417, 1981
  • Holmgren, J., Lange, S. & Lönnroth, I.: Reversal of cyclic AMP-mediated intestinal secretion in mice by chlorpromazine. Gastroenterology 75: 1103–1108, 1978
  • Holmgren, J., Svennerholm, A.-M. & Lindblad, M.: Receptor-like glycocompounds in human milk that inhibit classical and El Tor Vibrio cholerae cell adherence (hemagglutination). Infect Immun (in press 1982)
  • Holmgren, J., Fredman, P., Lindblad, M., Svennerholm, A.-M. & Svennerholm, L.: Glycoprotein receptor of rabbit intestine for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lacking affinity for cholera toxin. Infect Immun (in press 1982)
  • Islam, M. R., Sack, D. A., Holmgren, J., Bardhan, P. K. & Rabbani, G. H.: Use of chlorpromazine in the treatment of cholera and other severe acute watery diarrheal diseases. Gastroenterology 82: 1335–1340, 1982
  • Levine, M. M., Black, R. E., Clements, M. L., Nalin, D. R., Cisneros, L. & Finkelstein, R. A.: Volunteer studies in development of vaccines against cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a review. In: Acute enteric infections in children. New prospects for treatment and prevention, pp. 443–459 (ed. T. Holme ). Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1981
  • Lönnroth, I., Andrén, B., Lange, S., Martinsson, K. & Holmgren, J.: Chlorpromazine reverses Escherichia coli diarrhea in piglets. Infect Immun 24: 900–908, 1979
  • Naftalin, R. J.: The role of intracellular calcium in the induction of intestinal secretion. Clin Res Rev 1: (suppl. 1) 63–71. Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd, Beerse, Belgium 1981
  • Pierce, N. F.: The role of antigen form and function in the primary and secondary intestinal immune responses to cholera toxin and toxoid in rats. J Exp Med 148: 195–206, 1978
  • Powell, D. W. & Field, M.: Pharmacological approaches to treatment of secretory diarrhea. In: Secretory diarrhea, pp. 187–209 (ed. M. Field, J. S. Fordtran & S. G. Schultz). Waverly Press, Baltimore 1980
  • Rabbani, G. H., Greenough, W. B., Holmgren, J. & Kirkwood, B.: Controlled trial of chlorpromazine as antisecretory agent in patients with cholera hydrated intravenously. Br Med J 284: 1361–1364, 1982
  • Rabbani, G. H., Holmgren, J., Greenough, W. B. & Lönnroth, I.: Chlorpromazine reduces fluid-loss in cholera. Lancet I: 410–412, 1979
  • Sack, D. A., Islam, A., Holmgren, J. & Svennerholm, A.-M.: Development of methods for determining the intestinal immune response to V. cholerae antigens in humans. In: Proc. 15th Joint Conference on Cholera. The US-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program, Cholera Panel, Bethesda, Md, pp. 423–439, NIH Publications, No. 80–2003, 1980
  • Stoll, B. J., Holmgren, J., Bardhan, P. K., Greenough, W. B., Huq, I., Fredman, P. & Svennerholm, L.: Binding of intraluminal toxin in cholera: Trial of GM1-ganglioside-charcoal. Lancet II: 888–891, 1980
  • Svennerholm, A.-M.: The nature of protective immunity in cholera. In: Cholera and related diarrheas, pp. 171–184 (ed. Ö. Ouchterlony & J. Holmgren). Karger, Basel 1980
  • Svennerholm, A.-M., Sack, D. A., Holmgren, J. & Bardhan, P. K.: Intestinal antibody responses after immunization with cholera B subunit. Lancet I: 305–308, 1982
  • Svennerholm, A.-M., Jertborn, M., Gothefors, L., Karim, H. A., Sack, D. A. & Holmgren, J.: Secretory immunity to Vibrio cholerae bacteria and cholera toxin: prospects for an improved cholera vaccine. In: Proceedings International Symposium Bacterial Diarrheal Diseases, Osaka. Marcel Dekker, New York (in press 1982)

References

  • Salk, J. & Salk, D.: Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. Science 195 (4281): 834–847, 1977
  • Salk, J.: Persistence of immunity after administration of formalin-treated poliovirus vaccine. Lancet II: 715–723, 1960
  • Salk, J., Cohen, H., Fillastre, C., Stoeckel, P., Rey, J.-L., Schlumberger, M., Nicolas, A., van Steenis, G., van Wezel, A. L., Triau, R., Saliou, P., Barry, L. F., Moreau, J.-P. & Merieux, C.: Killed poliovirus antigen titration in humans. Develop Biol Stand 41: 119–132 (S. Karger, Basel), 1978
  • Salk, J., van Wezel, A. L., Stoeckel, P., van Steenis, G., Schlumberger, M., Meyran, M., Rey, J.-L., Lapinleimu, K., Bottiger, M. & Cohen, H.: Theoretical and practical considerations in the application of killed poliovirus vaccine for the control of paralytic poliomyelitis. Develop Biol Stand 47: 181–198 (S. Karger, Basel), 1981
  • van Wezel, A. L., van der Velden-De Groot, C. A. M. & van Herwaarden, G. A. M.: The production of inactivated polio vaccine on serially cultivated kidney cells from captive-bred monkeys. Develop Biol Stand 46: 151–158, 1980
  • Lapinleimu, K., van Wezel, A. L., van Steenis, G., Stenvik, M., Stoeckel, P. & Salk, J.: Effect of interval between first and second doses of killed poliovirus vaccine on degree of antibody response to the second dose. (In preparation.)
  • Dick, G. W. A., Dane, D. S., McAlister, J., Briggs, M., Nelson, R. & Field, C. M. B.: Vaccination against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccines. 7. Effect of previous Salk vaccination on virus excretion. Br Med J 2: 266–269, 1961
  • Stoeckel, P., : Field studies of the use of DPT-polio vaccine in Senegal. (In preparation.)
  • van Wezel, A. L., van der Marel, P., Van Beveren, C. P., Verma, I., Salk, P. & Salk, J.: Detection and elimination of cellular nucleic acids in biologicals produced on continuous cell lines. Develop Biol Stand 50: 59–69 (S. Karger, Basel), 1982

References

  • Aldershvile, J., Roggendorf, M., Kryger, P., Tage-Jensen, U., Deinhardt, F., Frösner, G. G., Hardt, F., Nielsen, J. O. & the Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta Programme: Liver 1: 290–297, 1981
  • Aldershvile, J., Dietrichson, O., Skinhoj, P., Kryger, P., Mathiesen, L. R., Christoffersen, P., Nielsen, J. O. & the Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta Programme: Chronic persistent hepatitis: Serological classification and meaning of the hepatitis B e system. Liver (in press)
  • Bradley, D. W., Maynard, J. E., Hindman, S. H., Hornbeck, C. L., Fields, H. A., McCaustland, K. A., Cook, E. H., Jr: Serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis A: Detection of acute phase immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A virus by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 5: 521–530, 1977
  • Bradley, D. W., Fields, H. A., McCaustland, K. A., Maynard, J. E., Decker, R. H., Whittington, R., Overby, L. R.: Serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis A by a modified competitive binding radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A virus. J Clin Microbiol 9: 120–127, 1979
  • Coulepis, A. G., Locarnini, S. A., Lehmann, N. I., Gust, I. D.: Detection of hepatitis A virus in the feces of patients with naturally acquired infection. J Infect Dis 141: 151–156, 1980
  • Deinhardt, F.: Predictive value of markers of hepatitis virus infection. J Infect Dis 141: 299–305, 1980
  • Duermeyer, W., van der Veen, J.: Specific detection of IgM-antibodies by ELISA, applied in hepatitis A. Lancet 2: 684–685, 1978
  • Khuroo, S. M.: Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis: Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 68: 818–824, 1980
  • Locarnini, S. A., Ferris, A. A., Lehmann, N. I., Gust, I. D.: The antibody response following hepatitis A infection. Intervirology 8: 309–318, 1977
  • Locarnini, S. A., Coulepis, A. G., Stratton, A. M., Kaldor, J., Gust, I. D.: Solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis A specific immunoglobulin M. J Clin Microbiol 9: 459–465, 1979
  • Roggendorf, M., Frösner, G. G., Deinhardt, F., Scheid, R.: Comparison of solid phase test systems for demonstrating antibodies against hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) of the IgM class. J Med Virol 5: 47–62, 1980
  • Roggendorf, M., Deinhardt, F., Frösner, G. G., Scheid, R., Bayerl, B., Zachoval, R.: Immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen: Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 13: 618–626, 1981
  • Tabor, E., Frösner, G. G., Deinhardt, F., Gerety, R. J.: Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody: Detection by radioimmunoassay in chimpanzees during experimental hepatitis B. J Med Virol 6: 91–99, 1980
  • von der Helm, K., Winnacker, E. L., Deinhardt, F., Frösner, G. G., Gauss-Müller, V., Bayerl, B., Scheid, R., Siegl, G.: Cloning of hepatitis A virus genome. J Virol Methods 3: 37–43, 1981
  • Wands, J. R., Marciniak, R. A., Isselbacher, K. J., Varghese, M., Don, G., Halliday, J. W., Powell, L. W.: Demonstration of previously undetected hepatitis B viral determinants in an Australian aboriginal population by monoclonal anti-HBs antibody radioimmunoassays. Lancet 1: 977–980, 1982
  • Will, H., Cattaneo, R., Koch, H.-G., Darai, G., Schaller, H., Schellekens, H., van Eerd, P. M. C. A., Deinhardt, F.: Cloned HBV DNA causes hepatitis in chimpanzees. Nature (London), 1982 (in press)
  • Wong, D. C., Purcell, R. H., Screenivasan, M. A., Prasad, S. R., Parvi, K. M.: Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: Evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus of etiology. Lancet 2: 876–879, 1980

References

  • Picciotto, A., Crovari, P., Cuneo-Crovari, P., De-Flora, S., Dodero, M. & Celle, G.: Interplay of cell and serum immunologic markers in chronic persistent or active hepatitis B. J Med Virol 8: 195, 1981
  • Raimondo, G., Smedile, A., Gallo, L., Balbo, A., Ponzetto, A. & Rizzetto, M.: Multicentre study of prevalence of HBV-associated delta infection and liver disease in drug-addicts. Lancet 1: 249, 1982
  • Rizzetto, M., Canese, M. G., Gerin, J. L., London, W. T., Sly, L. D. & Purcell, R. H.: Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 141: 590, 1980
  • Rizzetto, M., Hoyer, B., Canese, M. G., Shih, J. W. K., Purcell, R. H. & Gerin, J. L.: Delta antigen: The association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and ribonucleic acid in the serum of delta infected chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci 27: 6124, 1980
  • Rizzetto, M.: Biology and characterisation of the delta agent. In: Viral hepatitis, pp. 355–360 (ed. H. Alter, J. Maynard & W. Szmuness). Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia 1982
  • Rizzetto, M., Purcell, R. H. & Gerin, J. L.: Epidemiology of HBV associated delta antigen: Geographical distribution and prevalence in poly-transfused HBsAg carriers. Lancet 1: 1215, 1980
  • Rizzetto, M., Morello, C., Mannucci, P. M., Gocke, D. J., Spero, J. A., Lewis, J. H., Vanthiel, D. H., Scaroni, C. & Peyretti, F.: Delta-infection and liver disease in hemophilic carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen. J Infect Dis 145: 18, 1982
  • Rizzetto, M., Canese, M. G., Aricò, S. : Immunofluorescence detection of a new antigen/antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated with hepatitis B virus in liver and serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 18: 997, 1977
  • Rizzetto, M., Shih, J. W. K., Gocke, D. J., Purcell, R. H., Verme, G. & Gerin, J. L.: Incidence and significance of antibodies to delta antigen in hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 2: 986, 1979
  • Smedile, A., Lavarini, C., Crivelli, O., Raimondo, G., Fassone, M. & Rizzetto, M.: Radioimmunoassay detection of IgM antibodies to the HBV-associated delta antigen: Clinical significance in delta infection. J Med Virol 9: 131, 1982
  • Stoecklin, E., Gudat, F., Krey, G. : Delta antigen in hepatitis B: Immunohistology of frozen and paraffin-embedded liver biopsies and relation to HBV-infection. Hepatology 1: 238, 1981

References

  • Alter, M. J., Gerety, R. J., Smallwood, L. A., Sampliner, R. E., Tabor, E., Deinhardt, F., Frösner, G. & Matanoski, G. M.: Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: Frequency and epidemiology in an urban U.S. population. J Infect Dis 145: 886, 1982
  • Hoofnagle, J. H., Gerety, R. J., Tabor, E., Feinstone, S., Purcell, R. H. & Barker, L. F.: Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 87: 14, 1977
  • Jackson, D., Tabor, E. & Gerety, R. J.: Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis: Specific ultrastructural alterations in endoplasmic reticulum of infected hepatocytes. Lancet 1: 1249, 1979
  • Tabor, E., Gerety, R. J., Drucker, J. A., Seeff, L. B., Hoofnagle, J. H., Jackson, D. R., April, M., Pineda-Tamondong, G. & Barker, L. F.: Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee. Lancet 1: 463, 1978
  • Tabor, E., April, M., Seeff, L. B. & Gerety, R. J.: Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prolonged presence of the infectious agent in blood. Gastroenterol 76: 680, 1979
  • Tabor, E., Hoofnagle, J. H., Smallwood, L. A., Drucker, J. A., Pineda-Tamondong, G. C., Ni, L. Y., Greenwalt, T. J., Barker, L. F. & Gerety, R. J.: Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 19: 725, 1979
  • Tabor, E., Seeff, L. B. & Gerety, R. J.: Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis carrier state. Transmissible agent documented in one patient over a six-year period. N Engl J Med 303: 139, 1980
  • Tabor, E., Peterson, D. A., April, M., Seeff, L. B. & Gerety, R. J.: Transmission of human non-A, non-B hepatitis to chimpanzees following failure to transmit GB agent hepatitis. J Med Virol 5: 103, 1980
  • Tabor, E., April, M., Seeff, L. B. & Gerety, R. J.: Acquired immunity to human non-A, non-B hepatitis: Cross-challenge of chimpanzees with three infectious human sera. J Infect Dis 140: 789, 1979
  • Tabor, E. & Gerety, R. J.: The chimpanzee animal model for non-A, non-B hepatitis: New applications. Symposium on Viral Hepatitis, New York, USA, 1980, p. 305.
  • Tabor, E. & Gerety, R. J.: Inactivation of an agent of human non-A, non-B hepatitis by formalin. J Infect Dis 142: 767, 1980

References

  • Blumberg, B. S.: Polymorphisms of the serum proteins and the development of isoprecipitins in transfudes patients. Bull NY Acad Med 40: 377–386, 1964
  • Blumberg, B. S., Gerstley, B. J. S., Hungerford, D. A., London, W. T. & Sutnick, A. I.: A serum antigen (Australia antigen) in Down's syndrome, leukemia and hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 66: 924, 1967
  • Francis, D. P., Hadler, S. C., Thompson, S. E., : The prevention of hepatitis B vaccine: Report of the CDC multicenter efficacy trial among homosexual men. Ann Intern Med (in press)
  • Hilleman, M. R., Buynak, E. B., Roehm, R. R., Tytell, A. A., Bertland, A. U., Lampson, G. P. : Purified and inactivated human hepatitis B vaccine: Progress report. Am J Med Sci 270: 401–404, 1975
  • Hilleman, M. R., Bertland, A., Buynale, E., Lampson, G., McAleer, W., McLean, A., Roehm, R. & Tytell, A.: Clinical and laboratory studies of HBsAg vaccine. In: Viral hepatitis, pp. 525–537 (ed. G. N. Vyas ). Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia 1978
  • Hilleman, M., Buynale, E., McAleer, N. & McLean, A.: Human Hepatitis B vaccine. In: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Hepatitis B, pp. 120–139, M.S.D., 1981
  • Iwarson, S., Wahl, M. & Hermodsson, S.: Hepatitis B in institutionalized, mentally retarded individuals. In: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Hepatitis B, pp. 83–93, M.S.D., 1981
  • Krugman, S., Giles, J. P. & Hammond, J.: Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2 strain): Studies on active immunization. Am J Med Ass 217: 41–45, 1971
  • Maupas, P., Godeau, A., Coursaget, P. & Drucker, J.: Immunisation against Hepatitis B in man. Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MED. Tours, France. Lancet, June 26: 1367–1370, 1976
  • Maupas, P., Goudeau, A., Coursaget, P., Drucker, J., Barin, F. & André, M.: Immunization against hepatitis B in man: A pilot study of two yr duration. In: Viral hepatitis pp. 539–556 ed. G. N. Vyas ). Franklin Institute Press, Phialdelphia 1978
  • Stevens, C. E., Szmuness, W., Goodman, A. I., Weseley, S. A. & Fotino, M.: Hepatitis B vaccine: Immune responses in haemodialysis patients. Lancet, Dec. 6: 1211–1213, 1980
  • Szmuness, W., Stevens, C. E., Harley, E. J., Zang, E. A., Oleszko, W. R., William, D. C., Sadovsky, R., Morrisson, J. M. & Kellner, A.: Hepatitis B vaccine. Demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States. New Engl J Med 303: 833–841, 1980
  • Szmuness, W., Stevens, C. E., Zang, E. A., Harley, E. J. & Kellner, A.: A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): A final report. Hepatology, vol. I, no. 5, pp. 337–385, 1981
  • Szmuness, W., Stevens, C. E., Oleszko, W. R. & Goodman, A.: Passive-active immunisation against hepatitis B: Immunogenicity studies in adult Americans. Lancet, March 14: 576–577, 1981
  • Weibel, R. E., Stokes, J.: Alum-Adsorbed Inactivated Hepatitis B Vaccine (Study 594, MSD Files, 1980)

References

  • Lee, H. W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. Prog Med Virol 28: 96–113, 1982
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, M. C. & Cho, K. S.: Management of Korean haemorrhagic fever. Med Prog 2: 15–21, 1980
  • Smadel, J. E.: Epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Am J Publ Hlth 43: 1327–1330, 1951
  • Smorodintsev, A. A., Altshuller, I. S., Dunaevskii, M. I., Kakhreidze, K. A., Neustroev, V. D. & Churilov, A. V.: Etiology and clinics of hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis, pp. 26–47. Medgiz Publishers, Moscow 1944
  • Ishii, S., Ando, K., Watanabe, N., Murakami, R., Nagayama, T. & Ishikawa, T.: Studies on Songo fever. Jap Army Med J 355: 1755–1758, 1942
  • Kitano, M.: A study of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. J Manchou Med 40: 191–209, 1944
  • Myhrman, G.: Nephropathia epidemica, a new infectious disease in Northern Scandinavia. Acta Med Scand 140: 52–56, 1951
  • Gaon, J., Karlovac, M., Gresikova, M., Hlaca, D., Rukavania, J., Kuezevic, V., Saratlic-Savic, D. & Vampotic, A.: Epidemiological features of hemorrhagic fever. Folia Med Fac Med Univ Saraeviensis 3: 24–41, 1968
  • Tamura, M.: Occurrence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Osaka City: First cases found in Japan with characteristic feature of marked proteinuria. Biken J 7: 79–94, 1964
  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Virus hemorrhagic fever. J Pediatr 60: 851–857, 1962
  • Lee, H. W. & Lee, P. W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. I. Demonstration of causative antigen and antibodies. Korean J Intern Med 19: 371–384, 1976
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W. & Johnson, K. M.: Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 137: 298–308, 1978
  • French, G. R., Foulke, R. S., Brand, O. A., Eddy, G. A., Lee, H. W. & Lee, P. W.: Propagation of etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in a cultured continuous cell line of human origin. Science 211: 1046–1048, 1981
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Lähdevirta, J. & Brummer-Korvenkontio, M.: Aetiological relation between Korean hemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica. Lancet 1: 186–187, 1979
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, H. W., Berglund, A., Hoorn, B., Nyström, K. & Gajdusek, D. C.: Epidemic nephropathy in Scandinavia is related to Korean hemorrhagic fever. Lancet 1: 100, 1979
  • Lee, P. W., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J. & Xu, Z. Y.: Aetiological relation between Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in People's Republic of China. Lancet 1: 819–820, 1980
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Tamura, M., Tamura, T. & Okuno, Y.: Etiological relation between Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Japan. Biken J 22: 41–44, 1979
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, H. W., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J. & Nyström, K.: Antigenic differentiation of the viruses causing Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic (endemic) nephropathy of Scandinavia. Lancet 2: 315–316, 1980
  • Lee, H. W. & Antoniadis, A.: Serologic evidence for Korean hemorrhagic fever in Greece. Lancet 1: 832, 1981
  • Lee, P. W., Gibbs, C. J., Gajdusek, D. C. & Svedmyr, A.: Antibody to Korean hemorrhagic fever virus in man in parts of the World where hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is not known. Lancet 1: 256–257, 1981
  • Lee, H. W., Bark, D. H., Back, L. J., Choi, K. S., Whang, Y. N. & Woo, M. S.: Korean hemorrhagic fever patients in urban areas of Seoul. Korean J Virol 10: 1–6, 1980
  • Umenai, T., Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Saito, T., Toyoda, T., Hongo, M., Hoshinaga, K., Nobunaga, T., Horiuchi, T. & Ishida, N.: Korean hemorrhagic fever in staff in an animal laboratory. Lancet 1: 1314–1316, 1979
  • Lee, H. W., Baek, L. J., Kawamata, J., Yamanouchi, T., Miyamoto, H., Hamada, C. & Tamura, T.: Sero-epidemiologic studies of laboratory infections with Hantaan virus, etiologic agent of KHF, in Korea and in Japan. (In preparation, 1982.)
  • Lee, H. W., French, G. R., Lee, P. W., Baek, L. J., Tsuchiya, K. & Foulke, R. S.: Observations on natural and laboratory infection of rodents with the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 477–482, 1981
  • White, J. D., Shirey, F. G., French, G. R., Huggins, J. W., Brand, O. M. & Lee, H. W.: Hantaan virus, etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, has Bunyaviridae-like morphology. Lancet 1: 768–771, 1982
  • Brummer-Korvenkontio, M., Vaheri, A., von Bonsdorff, C. H., Vuorimies, J., Manni, T., Penttinen, K., Oker-Blom, N. & Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica: Detection of antigen in bank voles and serologic diagnosis of human infection. J Infect Dis 141: 131–134, 1980
  • Kasahara, S., Kitano, M., Kikuchi, H., Sakyuama, M., Kanazawa, K., Nezu, N., Yoshimura, M. & Kudo, T.: Studies on pathogen of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. J Jap Pathol 34: 3–5, 1944
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Baek, L. J., Song, C. K. & Seong, I. W.: Intraspecific transmission of Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, in the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 1106–1112, 1981
  • Lee, H. W., Baek, L. J. & Johnson, K. M.: Isolation of Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, from wild urban rats. J Infect Dis (November 1982)

References

  • Lee, H.W., Lee, P.-W. & Johnson, K. M.: Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 137: 298, 1978
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, H. W., Berglund, A., Hoorn, B., Nyström, K. & Gajdusek, D. C.: Epidemic nephropathy in Scandinavia is related to Korean haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 1: 100, 1979
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P.-W., Lähdevirta, J. & Brummer-Korvenkontio, M.: Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica. Lancet 1: 186, 1979
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, P.-W., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Nyström, K.: Antigenic differentiation of the viruses causing Korean haemorrhagic fever and epidemic (endemic) nephropathy of Scandinavia. Lancet 2: 315, 1980
  • Lee, P.-W., Svedmyr, A., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Nyström, K.: Antigenic difference between European and East Asian viruses causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Lancet 2: 256, 1981
  • Lee, P.-W., Amyx, H. L., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Gajdusek, D. C.: The susceptibility of nude mice to Korean hemorrhagic fever virus. (In preparation.)
  • French, G. R., Foulke, R. S., Brand, O. A., Eddy, G. A., Lee, H. W. & Lee, P.-W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever: Propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin. Science 211: 1046, 1980
  • Brummer-Korvenkontio, M., Vaheri, A., Hovi, T., von Bonsdorff, C. H., Vuorimies, J., Manni, T., Penttinen, K., Oker-Blom, N. & Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica: Detection of antigen in bank voles and serologic diagnosis of human infection. J Infect Dis 141: 131, 1980
  • Lee, P.-W., Goldgaber, D., Svedmyr, A., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Amyx, H. L.: Differentiation of nephropathia epidemica from East Asian strains of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome by blocking antibody and neutralizing antibody determinations. N Engl J Med (in press)
  • Tkachenko, E. A., Donets, M. A., Rezapkin, G. V., Dzagurova, T. K., Ivanov, A. P., Leschchinskaya, E. V., Reshetnikov, I., Drozdov, S. G., Slonova, R. A. & Somov, G. P.: Serotypes of HFRS (Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) virus in East European and Far Eastern USSR. Lancet 1: 863, 1982

References

  • Brummer-Korvenkontio, M., Vaheri, A., Hovi, T., von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Vuorimies, J., Manni, T., Penttinen, K., Oker-Blom, N. & Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica. Detection of antigen in bank voles and serologic diagnosis of human infection. J Inf Dis 141: 131–134, 1980
  • Chumakov, M. P. & Gavrilovskaya, I. N.: Are there two serotypes of the agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome? Lancet, Sept. 27: 691, 1980
  • Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica in Finland. A clinical, histological and epidemiological study. Ann Clin Res 3 ( Suppl. 8): 1–154, 1971
  • Lee, H. W., Lee P. W. & Johnson, K. M.: Isolation of the etiological agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Inf Dis 137: 298–308, 1978
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Lähdevirta J. & Brummer-Korvenkontio, M.: Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica. Lancet i: 186–187, 1979
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Baek, L. J., Song, C. K. & Seong, I. W.: Intraspecific transmission of Hantaan virus, etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, in the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 1106–1112, 1981
  • Oker-Blom, N., von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Brummer-Korvenkontio, M., Hovi, T., Penttinen, K., Saikku, P., Vaheri, A. & Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica in Finland. In: Arctic and tropical arboviruses ed. E. Kurstak), pp. 197–209. Academic Press, 1979
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, P. W., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J. & Nyström K.: Antigenic differentiation of the viruses causing Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic (endemic) nephropathy of Scandinavia. Lancet ii: 315–316, 1980

References

  • Nyström, K.: Incidence and prevalence of endemic benign (epidemic) nephropathy in AC county, Sweden, in relation to population density and prevalence of small rodents. Acta Med Scand 1977, Suppl. 609
  • Hörnfeldt, B.: Small rodent project [Basinventering av gnagare (BIG)]. Department of Ecological Zoology, Umeå University. Mimeographed reports 1975–1981
  • Myers, J. H. & Krebs, C. J.: Population cycles in rodents. Sci Am 230: 38–46, 1974
  • Lee, H.-W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. Prog Med Virol 28: 96–113, 1982

References

  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Acute infectious hemorrhagic fevers and mycotoxicoses in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Washington 1953
  • Hortling, H.: En epidemi av fältfeber (?) i finska Lappland. Nord Med 30: 1001, 1946
  • Lee, J. S., Cho, B. Y., Lee, M. C., Choi, S. J., Kim, K. W. & Lee, M.: Clinical features of serologically proven Korean Hemorrhagic fever patients. Seoul J Med 21: 163, 1980
  • Lee, M.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. Seoul National University Press, Seoul, 1981
  • Myhrman, G.: En njursjukdom med egenartad symptombild. Nord Med Tidsskr 7: 793, 1934
  • Myhrman, G.: En ny infektionssjukdom i Nordsverige och Nordfinland. Nord Med 28: 2571, 1945
  • Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica in Finland. A clinical, histological and epidemiological study. Ann Clin Res 3: Suppl. 8, 1971
  • Lähdevirta, J. & Elo, O.: Nephropathia epidemican esiintyminen Suomessa vuosina 1966–1973. Suom Lääk lehti 30: 677, 1975
  • Lähdevirta, J.: Unpublished data.
  • Stuhlfauth, K.: Bericht über ein neues schlammfieberähnliches Krankheitsbild bei deutschen Truppen in Lappland. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 69: 439, 474, 1943
  • Zetterholm, S. G.: Akuta nefriter simulerande akuta bukfall. Läkartidningen 31: 425, 1934

References

  • Brummer-Korvenkontio, M., Vaheri, A., Hovi, T., von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Vuorimies, J., Manni, T., Penttinen, K., Oker-Blom, N. & Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica: Detection of antigen in bank voles and serologic diagnosis of human infection. J Infect Dis 141: 131–134, 1980
  • Chumakov, M. P.: Etiology, epidemiology and prophylaxis of hemorrhagic fevers. Public Health Monography No. 50 (Supplement No. 1), U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., pp. 19–25, 1957
  • Cohen, M. D., Casals, J., Hsiung, G. D., Kwei, H.-E., Chin, C.-C., Ge, H.-C., Hsiang, C.-M., Lee, P.-W., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Gajdusek, D. C.: Epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Hubei province, the People's Republic of China: A clinical and serological study. Yale J Biol Med 54: 41–55, 1981
  • French, G. R., Foulke, R.-S., Brand, O. A., Eddy, G. A., Lee, H. W. & Lee, P. W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever: Propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin. Science 211: 1046–1048, 1981
  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Acute infectious hemorrhagic fevers and mycotoxicoses in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Medical Science Publication 2, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington D.C., 1953, 140 pp.
  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Hemorrhagic fevers in Asia: A problem in medical ecology. Geographic Review 46: 20–42, 1956
  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Das epidemische hämorrhagische Fieber. Klin Wochenschr 34: 769–777, 1956
  • Gajdusek, D. C.: Virus hemorrhagic fevers, special reference to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (epidemic hemorrhagic fever). J Pediatr 60: 141–157, 1962
  • Gajdusek, D. C., Goldgaber, D., Millard, E. & Ono, S. G.: Bibliography of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (muroid virus nephropathy). National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 1982, 155 pp.
  • Lähdevirta, J.: Nephropathia epidemica in Finland. Ann Clin Res 3: 1–154, 1971
  • Lee, H. W. & Lee, P. W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. I. Demonstration of causative antigen and antibodies. Korean J Intern Med (Seoul) 19: 371–383, 1976
  • Lee, H. W. & Lee, P. W.: Korean hemorrhagic fever. II. Isolation of etiologic agent. Korean J Virol (Seoul) 7: 19, 1977
  • Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W. & Johnson, K. M.: Isolation of the etiological agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 137: 298–308, 1978
  • Lee, P. W., Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J., Jr & Xu, Z.-Y.: Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in People's Republic of China. Lancet 1: 819–820, 1980
  • Lee, P. W., Gibbs, C. J., Jr, Gajdusek, D. C., Hsiang, C. M. & Hsiung, G. D.: Identification of epidemic haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China with Korean haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 1: 1025–1026, 1980
  • Lee, P. W., Yanagihara, R., Franko, M. C., Amyx, H. L., Gibbs, C. J. Jr, Gajdusek, D. C. & Traub, R.: Preliminary evidence that Hantaan or a closely related virus is enzootic in domestic rodents. N Engl J Med 307: 624–625, 1982
  • Smorodintsev, A. A., Chudakov, B. G. & Churilov, A. V.: Haemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis. Translated from the Russian by Catherine Matthews. Pergamon Press, London and New York 1959, 124 pp.
  • Smorodintsev, A. A., Kazbintsev, L. I. & Chudakov, V. G.: Virus hemorrhagic fevers. Published by the National Library of Medicine on behalf of the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 1964, 245 pp.
  • Svedmyr, A., Lee, H. W., Berglund, A., Hoorn, B., Nyström, K. & Gajdusek, D. C.: Epidemic nephropathy in Scandinavia is related to Korean haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 1: 100, 1979
  • Trencséni, T. & Keleti, B.: Clinical aspects and epidemiology of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: Analysis of clinical and epidemiological experiences in Hungary. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 248 pp.

References

  • Appleman, M. D., Swinney, R. S. & Heseltine, P. N. R.: Evaluation of the antimicrobial removal device. J Clin Microbiol 15: 278–281, 1982
  • Auckenthaler, R. D., Ilstrup, D. M. & Washington, J. A. II: Comparison of recovery of organisms from blood cultures diluted 10% (volume/volume) and 20% (volume/volume). J Clin Microbiol 15: 860–864, 1982
  • Mirrett, S., Lauer, B. A., Miller, G. A. & Reller, L. B.: Comparison of acridine orange, methylene blue, and Gram stains for blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 15: 562–566, 1982
  • Pazin, G. J., Saul, S. & Thompson, M. E.: Blood culture positivity: suppression by outpatient antibiotic therapy in patients with bacterial endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 142: 263–268, 1982
  • Salventi, J. F., Davis, F. A., Randall, E. L., Whitaker, A. & Waters, J. R.: Effect of blood dilution on recovery of organisms from clinical blood cultures in medium containing sodium polyanethosulfonate. J Clin Microbiol 9: 248–252, 1979
  • Sandven, P. & Høiby, E. A.: The importance of blood volume cultured on detection of bacteraemia. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect. B 89: 149–152, 1981
  • Tenney, J. H., Reller, L. B., Mirrett, S., Wang, W.-L. L. & Weinstein, M. P.: Controlled evaluation of the volume of blood cultured in detection of bacteremia and fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 15: 558–562, 1982
  • Wallis, C., Melnick, J. L., Wende, R. D. & Riely, P. E.: Rapid isolation of bacteria from septicemic patients by use of an antimicrobial agent removal devide. J Clin Microbiol 11: 462–464, 1980
  • Washington, J. A. II: Conventional approaches to blood culture. In: The detection of septicemia ed. J. A. Washington II), pp. 41–88. CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Fla. 1978
  • Werner, A. S., Cobbs, C. G., Kaye, D. & Hook, E. W.: Studies on the bacteremia of bacterial endocarditis. JAMA 202: 199–203, 1967
  • Wright, A. J., Thompson, R. L., McLimans, C. A., Wilson, W. R. & Washington, J. A. II: The antimicrobial Removal Device: a microbiological and clinical evaluation. Am J Clin Pathol 78, 1982

References

  • Peltola, H.: C-reactive protein for rapid monitoring of infections of the central nervous system. Lancet i: 980–982, 1982
  • Komorowski, R. A., Farmer, S. G., Hanson, G. A. & Hause, L. L.: Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid in diagnosis of meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 8: 89–92, 1978
  • Baker, C. J., Webb, B. J., Jackson, C. V. & Edwards, M. S.: Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the evaluation of infants with group B streptococcal disease. Pediatrics 65: 1110–1114, 1980
  • Ingram, D. L., Pendergrass, E. L., Bromberger, P. I., Thullen, J. D., Yoder, C. D. & Collier, A. M.: Group B streptococcal disease. Its diagnosis with the use of antigen detection, Gram's stain and the presence of apnea, hypotension. Am J Dis Child 134: 754–758, 1980
  • Rytel, M. W.: Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in diagnosis of infectious disease. Hospital Practise 10: 75–82, 1975
  • Kaldor, J., Asznowicz, R. & Buist, D. P. Latex agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial infections, with special reference to patients with meningitis and septicemia. Am J Clin Pathol 68: 284–289, 1977
  • Doskeland, S. O. & Berdal, B. P.: Bacterial antigen detection in body fluids: methods for rapid antigen concentration and reduction of nonspecific reactions. J Clin Microbiol 11: 380–384, 1980
  • Severin, W. P. J.: Latex agglutination in the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. J Clin Pathol 25: 1079–1082, 1972
  • Olcén, P., Danielsen, D. & Kjellander, J.: The use of protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with anti-meningococcal antibodies for grouping Neisseria meningitidis and demonstration of meningococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B83: 387–396, 1975
  • Yolken, R. H.: Enzyme immunoaassay for the detection of infectious antigens in body fluids: current limitations and future prospects. Rev Infect Dis 4: 35–68, 1982
  • Leinonen, M. & Käyhty, H.: Comparison of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and radioimmunoassay in detection of soluble capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis of groups A or C. J Clin Pathol 31: 1171–1176, 1978
  • Whittle, H. C. : The bacteriological diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis from cerebrospinal fluid dried on filter paper. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70: 217–218, 1976
  • Käyhty, H., Jousimies-Somer, H., Peltola, H. & Mäkelä, P. H.: Antibody response to capsular polysaccharides of groups A and C Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b during bacteremic disease. J Infect Dis 143: 32–41, 1981
  • Shenep, J. L., Munson, R. S., Jr & Granoff, D. M.: Human antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide after meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Infect Dis 145: 181–190, 1982
  • Poolman, J. T. & Zanen, H. C.: Detection of antibody activity in human sera against meningococcal cell wall antigens using a gel-immuno-radio-assay (GIRA). FEMS Microbiol Lett 7: 293–296, 1980
  • Kleemola, M. & Käyhty, H.: Rise to antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in purulent meningitis. J Infect Dis (in press), 1982
  • Austrian, R. & Gold, I.: Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 60: 759–776, 1964
  • Schreiner, A. & Digranes, A.: Bacteriology of acute lower respiratory tract infections. J Infect, Suppl. 2: 1: 23–30, 1979
  • Holliday, M. G.: The diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. J Clin Pathol 33: 1174–1178, 1980
  • Kaijser, B., Berntsson, E. & Trollfors, B.: Serological diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect, Suppl. 2: 39–44, 1979
  • Yolken, R. H., Hughes, W. T. & Stopa, P. J.: Rapid diagnosis of infections caused by β-lactamase-producing bacteria by means of an enzyme radioisotopic assay. J Pediatr 97: 715–720, 1980

References

  • Coons, A. H., Creech, H. J., Jones, R. N. & Berliner, E.: The demonstration of pneumococcal antigens in tissues by the use of flourescent antibody. J Immunol 45: 159, 1942
  • World Health Organisation: Rapid laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of viral infections. Tech Rep Ser 661: 1–60, 1981
  • Gardner, P. S. & McQuillin, J.: Rapid virus diagnosis: application of immunofluorescence, 2nd ed. Butterworths, London 1980
  • Respiratory syncytial virus infection in industrial, urban and rural areas as a cause of admission to hospital: A report to the MRC Subcommittee on RSV vaccines. Br Med J 2: 796–798, 1972
  • Orstavik : Rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children in European countries. Lancet ii: 32, 1980
  • Mossai, R. B., Gardner, P. S., Almeida, J. D. & Greenway, M. A.: A simple immunofluorescent technique for the detection of human rotavirus
  • Gardner, P. S. & Kaye, S.: Egg globulins in rapid virus diagnosis. J Virol Meth 257–262, 1982
  • Gardner, P. S.: Monoclonal antibodies in relation to viruses and their possible clinical application. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 81B: 277–291, 1982
  • Downham, M. A. P. S., Elderkin, F. M., Platt, J. W. McQuillin, J. & Gardner, P. S.: Rapid virus diagnosis in paediatric units by a postal service: Respiratory syncytial infection in Cumberland. Arch Dis Child 49: 467, 1974

References

  • Almeida, June D.: Practical aspects of diagnostic electron microscopy. Yale J Biol Med 53: 5–18, 1980
  • Cohen, B. J. & Richmond, J. E.: Electron microscopy of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E. coli. Nature 296: 677–678, 1982
  • Coon, A. H., Creech, H. J., Jones, R. N. & Berliner, E.: The demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody. J Immunol 45: 159, 1942
  • Gardner, P. S. & McQuillin, J.: Rapid virus diagnosis: Application of immunofluorescence, 2nd ed. Butterworths, London 1980
  • Hsiung, G. D.: Progress in clinical virology 1960 to 1980: A recollection of twenty years. Yale J Biol Med 53: 1–4, 1980
  • Peters, D., Nielsen, G. & Bayer, M. E.: Variola: die Zuverlässigkeit der elektronenmikroskipischen Schnelldiagnostik. Dt Med Wochenschr 87: 2240–2246, 1962
  • Serjeant, G. R., Mason, K., Topley, J. M., Serjeant, B. E., Pattison, J. R., Jones, S. E. & Mohamed, R.: Outbreak of aplastic crises in sickle cell anaemia associated with parvovirus-like agent. Lancet II: 595–597, 1981
  • Walsh, J. H., Yalow, R. & Berson, S. A.: Detection of Australia antigen and antibody by means of radioimmunoassay techniques. J Infect Dis 121: 550–554, 1970
  • Wolters, G., Kuijpers, L., Kacaki, J., : Solid-phase enzyme-immunoassay for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. J Clin Pathol 29: 873–879, 1976

References

  • Aisner, J., Schimpff, S. C. & Wiernik, P. H.: Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response. Ann Intern Med 86: 539–545, 1977
  • Aisner, J., Murillo, J., Schimpff, S. C. & Steere, A. C.: Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia. Correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use. Ann Intern Med 90: 4–8, 1979
  • Zavala, D. C.: Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy techniques and results of biopsy in 600 patients. Chest 68: 12–19, 1975
  • Chandler, F. W., Kaplan, W. & Ajello, L.: Histopathology of mycotic diseases. Wolfe Medical Publ. Ltd., 1980
  • Kaplan, W.: Practical application of fluorescent antibody procedures in medical mycology. 3rd Int. Conf. Mycoses. Pan Am. Health Org. Sci. Publ. No. 304, pp. 128–185, 1975
  • Katzenstein, A.-L. & Maksen, J.: Candidal infection of gastric ulcers. Am J Pathol 71: 137–141, 1979
  • Meunier-Carpentier, F., Kiehn, T. & Armstrong, D.: Fungemia in the immunocompromized host. Am J Med 71: 363–369, 1981
  • Odds, F. C.: Candida and candidosis. Baltimore University Park Press, 1979
  • Edwards, J. E., Lehrer, R. I., Stiehm, E. R., Fischer, T. J. & Young, L. S.: Severe candidal infections: clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms and current concepts of therapy. Ann Intern Med 89: 91–106, 1978
  • Tenny, J. H., Reller, L. B., Mirrett, S., Wang, W.-L. & Weinstein, M. P.: Controlled evaluation of the volume of blood cultured in detection of bacteriemia and fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 15: 558–561, 1982
  • Washington II, J.: The role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 57: 22–23, 1982
  • Komarowski, R. A. & Farmer, S. G.: Rapid detection of candidemia. Am J Clin Pathol 59: 56–61, 1973
  • Miller, G. G., Witer, M. W., Baude, A. I. & Davis, C. E.: Rapid identification of Candida albicans septicemia in man by gas-liquid chromatography. J Clin Invest 54: 1235–1240, 1974
  • Tsuchiya, T. Y., Fukazawa, Y., Tagnichi, M., Nakase, T. & Shinoda, T.: Serologic aspects of yeast classification. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 53: 77–92, 1974
  • Shinoda, T., Kaufmann, L. & Padhye, A. A.: Serological Candida Check Kit and the API20C Kit for identification of medically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 13: 513–518, 1981
  • Gangopadkyay, P. K., Thadepalli, H., Roy, I. & Ansari, A.: Identification of species of Candida, Cryptococcus and Torulopsis by gasliquid chromatography. J Infect Dis 140: 952–957, 1979
  • Filic, G., Yu, B. & Armstrong, D.: Immunodiffusion and agglutination tests for Candida in patients with neoplastic diseases: inconsistent correlation of results with invasive infections. J Infect Dis 135: 349–358, 1977
  • Jeffrey, M. J.: Kinetics of antibody response to cell wall mannan and a major cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans in rabbits and humans. J Lab Clin Med 96: 845–860, 1980
  • Holmberg, K., Berdischewsky, M. & Young, L. S.: Serodiagnosis of aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 141: 656–664, 1980
  • Segal, E., Berg, R. A., Pizzo, P. A. & Bennett, J. E.: Detection of Candida antigen in sera of patients with candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique. J Clin Microbiol 10: 116–118, 1979
  • Meurnier-Carpentier, F. & Armstrong, D.: Candida antigenemia as detected by passive hemagglutination inhibition assay in patients with disseminated candidiasis or Candida colonization. J Clin Microbiol 13: 10–14, 1981
  • Bernard, E. W., Christiansen, K. J., Tsang, S.-F., Kiehm, T. E. & Armstrong, D.: Rate of arabinitol production of pathogenic yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 14: 189–194, 1981
  • Eng, R. H. K., Chmel, H. & Buse, M.: Serum level of arabinitol in the detection of invasive candidiasis in animals and humans. J Infect Dis 143: 677–683, 1981

References

  • Shapiro, M., Townsend, T. R., Rosner, B. & Kass, E. H.: Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals. N Engl J Med 301: 351–355, 1979
  • Hoeprich, P. D.: Chemoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. In: Infectious diseases, 2nd (ed. P. D. Hoeprich), pp. 190–206. Harper and Rowe, Hagestown, Maryland 1977
  • Finch, W. T., Sawyers, J. L. & Schenker, S.: A prospective study to determine the efficacy of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 183: 667–671, 1976
  • Britt, M. R., Garibaldi, R. A., Miller, W. A., Hebertson, R. M. & Burke, J. P.: Antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11: 240–243, 1977
  • Brumfitt, W. & Hamilton-Miller, J. M. T.: The place of antibiotic prophylaxis in medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1: 163–169, 1975
  • Dale, D. C., Alling, D. W. & Wolff, S. M.: Cloxacillin chemoprophylaxis in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. J Infect Dis 125: 393–397, 1972
  • Parrillo, J. E., Borst, G. C., Mazur, M., Iannini, P., Klempner, M. S., Moellering, R. C., Jr & Anderson, S. E.: Resistant Streptococcus viridans endocarditis occurring in patients receiving oral penicillin chemothoprophylaxis. N Engl J Med 300: 296–300, 1979
  • Anonymous: Preventing spread of meningococcal disease. The Medical Letter 23: 37–38, 1981
  • Jacobson, J. A. & Fraser, D. W.: A simplified approach to meningococcal disease prophylaxis. J Amer Med Assoc 236: 1053–1054, 1976
  • Sivonen, A., Renkonen, O.-V., Weckström, P., Koskenvuo, K., Raunio, V. & Mäkalä, P. H.: The effect of chemoprophylactic use of rifampin and minocycline on rates of carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in army recruits in Finland. J Infect Dis 137: 238–244, 1978
  • Nicolle, L. E., Postl, B., Kotelewetz, E., Remillard, F., Bourgault, A.-M., Albritton, W., Harding, G. K. M. & Ronald, A. R.: Chemoprophylaxis for Neisseria meningiditis in an isolated arctic community. J Infect Dis 145: 103–109, 1982
  • Granoff, D. M. & Daum, R. S.: Spread of Hemophilus influenzae type b: Recent epidemiologic and therapeutic consideration. J Pediatr 97: 854–860, 1980
  • Ward, J. L., Fraser, D. W., Baraff, L. J. & Pilikaytis, D. B.: Hemophilus influenzae meningitis. N Engl J Med 301: 122–126, 1979
  • Cox, F. R., Trincher, R., Rissing, J. P., Patton, N., McCracken, G. H. & Granoff, D. M.: Rifampin prophylaxis for contacts of Hemophilus influenzae type b disease. J Am Med Assoc 245: 1043–1045, 1981
  • Nicolle, L. E., Postl, B., Kotelewetz, E., Albritton, W., Harding, G. K. M., Bourgault, A.-M. & Ronald, A. R.: Emergence of rifampin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21: 498–500, 1982
  • Bailey, R. R., Gower, P. E., Roberts, A. P., : Prevention of urinary-tract infection with low-dose nitrofurantoin. Lancet ii: 1112–1114, 1971
  • Harding, G. K. M. & Ronald, A. R.: A controlled study of antimicrobial prophylaxis of recurrent urinary infection in women. N Engl J Med 291: 597–601, 1974
  • Perrin, J. M., Charney, E., MacWhinney, J. V., Jr, McInerney, T. K., Miller, R. L. & Nazarian, L. F.: Sulfisoxazole as chemoprophylaxis for recurrent otitis media. N Engl J Med 291: 664–667, 1974
  • Sack, D. A., Kaminsky, D. C., Sack, R. B., : Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea. Results of a prospective double-blind study of peace corps volunteers in Kenya. N Engl J Med 298: 758–763, 1978
  • Sack, R. B., Froehlich, J. L., Zulich, A. W., Sidi Hidi, D., Kapikian, A. Z., Orskøv, F., Orskøv, J. & Greenberg, H. B.: Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea. Gastroenterology 76: 1368–1373, 1979
  • Echeverria, P., Verhaert, L., Ulyangco, V., : Antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin production among isolates of Escherichia coli in the Far East. Lancet ii: 589–592, 1978
  • Murray, B. E., Rensimer, E. & DuPont, H. L.: Emergence of high level trimethoprim resistance in fecal Escherichia coli during oral administration of trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. N Engl J Med 306: 130–135, 1982
  • DuPont, H. L., Sullivan, P., Evans, D. G., : Prevention of travelers' diarrhea (emporiatric enteritis): Prophylactic administration of subsalicylate bismuth. J Am Med Assoc 243: 237–241, 1980
  • Ericsson, C. D., Feldman, S., Pickering, L. K. & Cleary, T. G.: Influence of subsalicylate bismuth on absorption of doxycycline. J Am Med Assoc 247: 2266–2267, 1982
  • Jacoby, I. Mandell, L. A. & Weinstein, L.: The chemoprophylaxis of infection. Med Clin N Am 62: 1083–1098, 1978
  • Anonymous: Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis for travelers. The Medical Letter 23: 105–108, 1981
  • Hughes, W. T., Kuhn, S., Chaudhary, S., : Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 297: 1419–1426, 1977
  • Sabin, A. B.: Amantadine and influenza: Evalution of conflicting reports. J Infect Dis 138: 557–566, 1978
  • Hirschmann, J. V. & Inui, T. S.: Antimicrobial prophylaxis: A critique of recent trials. Rev Infect Dis 2: 1–23, 1980
  • American Heart Association Committee on Prevention of Rheumatic Fever: Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis. Circulation 56: 139A–143A, 1977
  • Petersdorf, R. G.: Antimicrobial prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis: Prudent caution or bacterial overkill? Am J Med 65: 220–223, 1978
  • Brooks, S. L.: Survey of compliance with American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of bacterial endocarditis. J Am Dent Assoc 101: 41–43, 1980
  • Bender, J. F., Schimpff, S. C., Young, V. M., Fortner, C. L., Brouillet, M. D., Love, L. J. & Wiernik, P. H.: Role of vancomycin as a component of oral non-absorbable antibiotics for microbial suppression in leukemic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 15: 455–460, 1979
  • Wade, J. C., Schimpff, S. C., Hargadon, M. T., Fortner, C. L., Young, V. M. & Wiernik, P. H.: A comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 304: 1052–1062, 1981
  • Gurwith, M. J., Brunton, J. L., Lank, B. A., Harding, G. K. M. & Ronald, A. R.: A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 66: 248–256, 1979
  • Weiser, B., Lange, M., Fialk, M. A., Singer, C., Szatrowski, T. H. & Armstrong, D.: Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during consolidation chemotherapy for acute leukemia: A controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 95: 436–438, 1981
  • Moellering, R. C., Jr: The use and abuse of antibiotic combinations. R I Med J 55: 341–360, 1972

References

  • Hirschmann, J. V. & Inui, T. S.: Antimicrobial prophylaxis: a critique of recent trials. Rev Infect Dis 2: 1, 1980
  • Goodman, J. S., Schaffner, W., Collins, H. A., Battersby, E. J. & Koenig, M. G.: Infection after cardiovascular surgery: clinical study including examination of antimicrobial prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 278: 117, 1968
  • Conte, J. E., Jr, Cohen, S. N., Roe, B. B. & Elashoff, R. M.: Antibiotic prophylaxis and cardiac surgery: a prospective double-blind comparison of single-dose versus miltiple-dose regimens. Ann Intern Med 76: 943, 1972
  • Goldmann, D. A., Hopkins, C. C., Karchmer, A. W., Abel, R. M., McEnany, M. T., Akins, C., Buckley, M. J. & Moellering, R. C., Jr: Cephalothin prophylaxis in cardiac valve surgery. A prospective, double-blind comparison of two-day and six-day regimens. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73: 470, 1977
  • Kaiser, A. B., Clayson, K. R., Mulherin, J. L., Jr, Roach, A. C., Allen, T. R., Edwards, W. H. & Dale, W. A.: Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery. Ann Surg 188: 283, 1978
  • Pavel, A., Smith, R. L., Ballard, A. & Larsen, I. J.: Prophylactic antibiotics in clean orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg 56–A: 777, 1974
  • Boyd, R. J., Burke, J. F. & Colton, T.: A double-blind clinical trial of prophylactic antibiotics in hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 55–A: 1251, 1973
  • Ericson, C., Lidgren, L. & Lindberg, L.: Cloxacillin in the prophylaxis of postoperative infections of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg 55–A: 808, 1973
  • Carlsson, A. S., Lidgren, L. & Lindberg, L.: Prophylactic antibiotics against early and late deep infections after total replacements. Acta Orthop Scand 48: 405, 1977
  • Lett, W. J., Ansbacher, R., Davison, B. L. & Otterson, W. N.: Prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. J Reprod Med 19: 51, 1977
  • Mendelson, J., Portnoy, J., DeSaint Victor, J. R. & Gelfand, M. M.: Effect of single and multidose cephradine prophylaxis on infectious morbidity of vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 53: 31, 1979
  • Holman, J. F., McGowan, J. E. & Thompson, J. D. Perioperative antibiotics in major elective gynecologic surgery. South Med J 71: 417, 1978
  • Roberts, J. M. & Homesley, H. D.: Low-dose carbenicillin prophylaxis for vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 52: 83, 1978
  • Ledger, W. J., Sweet, R. L. & Headington, J. T.: Prophylactic cephaloridine in the prevention of postoperative pelvic infections in premenopausal women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115: 766, 1973
  • Breeden, J. T. & Mayo, J. E.: Low dose prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 43: 379, 1974
  • Ohm, M. J. & Galask, R. P.: The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on patients undergoing vaginal operations. I. The effect on morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123: 590, 1975
  • Forney, J. P., Morrow, C. P., Townsend, D. E. and Disaia, P. J. Impact of cephalosporin prophylaxis on conization-vaginal hysterectomy morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125: 100, 1976
  • Bivens, M. D., Neufeld, J. & McCarty, W. D.: The prophylactic use of Keflex and Keflin in vaginal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 122: 169, 1975
  • Grossman, J. H., III, Greco, T. P., Minkin, M. J., Adams, R. L., Hierholzer, W. J. & Andriole, V. T.: Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic surgery. Obstet Gynecol 53: 537, 1979
  • Clarke, J. S., Condon, R. E., Bartlett, J. G., Gorbach, S. L. & Nichols, R. L. Preoperative oral antibiotics reduce septic complications of colon operations: results of prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study. Ann Surg 186: 251, 1977
  • Polk, H. C., Jr & Lopez-Mayor, J. F.: Postoperative wound infection: a prospective study of determinant factors and preventions. Surgery 66: 97, 1969
  • Gatehouse, D., Dimock, F., Burdon, D. W., Alexander-Williams, J. & Keighley, M. R. B.: Prediction of wound sepsis following gastric operations. Br J Surg 65: 551, 1978
  • Condon, R. E.: Rational use of prophylactic antibiotics in gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Clin North Am 55: 1309, 1974
  • Keighley, M. R. B., Baddeley, R. M., Burdon, D. W., Edwards, J. A. C., Quoraishi, A. H., Oates, G. D., Watts, G. T. & Alexander-Williams, J.: A controlled trial of parenteral prophylactic gentamicin therapy in biliary surgery. Br J Surg 62: 275, 1975
  • Strachan, C. J. L., Black, J., Powis, S. J. A., Waterworth, T. A., Wise, R., Wilkinson, A. R., Burdon, D. W., Severn, M., Mitra, B. & Norcott, H.: Prophylactic use of cephazolin against wound sepsis after cholecystectomy. Br Med J 1: 1254, 1977
  • Griffiths, D. A., Shorey, B. A., Simpson, R. A., Speller, D. C. E. & Williams, N. B.: Single-dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery. Lancet 2: 325, 1976
  • Morran, C., McNaught, W. & McArdle, C. S.: Prophylactic cotrimoxazole in biliary surgery. Br Med J 2: 462, 1978

References

  • Abrams, H. L. & von Kaenel, W. E.: Medical problems of survivors of nuclear war. N Engl J Med 305; 1226–1232, 1981
  • Van Bekkum, D. W. & Schotman, E.: Protection from haemopoietic death by shielding versus grafting of bone-marrow. Int J Radiat Biol 25: 361–372 1974
  • Watson, J. G., Powels, R. L., Lawson, D. N., Morgenstern, G. R., Jameson, B., McElwain, T. J. Judson, I., Lumley, H. & Kay, H. E. M.: Cotrimoxazole versus non-absorbable antibiotics in acute leukaemia. Lancet i; 6–9, 1982
  • Van der Waaj, D. & Berghuis-de Vries, J. M.: Selective elimination of Enterobacteriaceae species from the digestive tract in mice and monkeys. J Hyg 72: 205–211, 1974
  • Sleijfer, D. Th., Mulder, N. H., De Vries-Hospers, H. G., Fidler, V., Nieweg, H. O., Van der Waaij, D. & Van Saene, H. K. F.: Infection prevention in granulocytopenic patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Eur J Cancer 16, 859–869, 1981
  • Guoit, H. F. L., Van der Meer, J. W. M. & Van Furth, R.: Selective antimicrobial modulation of human microbial flora: Infection prevention in patients with decreased host defense mechanisms by selective elimination of potentially pathogenic bacteria. J Inf Dis. 143, 644–654, 1981
  • Jehn, U., Ruckdeschell, G., Saner, H., Clemm, Ch. & Wilmans, W.: Vergleichende Studie zum Wert der Selektieven Darmdekontamination (SDD) bei der Behandlung akuter Leukämien. Klin Wochenschr 59, 1093–1099, 1981
  • Kurrle, E.: Infektprophylaxe bei der Induktion-Therapie akuter Leukämien. Klin Wochenschr 59; 1085–1089, 1981
  • Schimpff, S. C., Young, V. M., Greene, W. H., Vermeulen, G. D., Moody, M. R. & Wiernik, P. H.: Origin of infection in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Int Med 77; 707–714, 1972
  • Bodey, G. P. & Roderiguez: Infections in cancer patients on a protected environment-prophylactic program. Amer J med 59, 497–504, 1975
  • Van der Waaij, D., Tielemans-Speltie, T. M. & De Roeck-Houben, A. J.: Infection by and distribution of biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae species in leukaemic patients treated under ward conditions and in units for protective isolation in seven hospitals in Europe. Infection 5, 188–194, 1977
  • Kurrle, E., Bhaduri, S., Krieger, D., Gaus, W., Heimpel, H., Pflieger, R., Arnold, R. & Vanek, E.: Risk factors for infections of the oropharynx and the respiratory tract in patients with acute leukemia. J Inf Dis 144, 128–136, 1981
  • Van der Waaij, D., Berghuis-de Vries, J. M. & Lekkerkerk-van der Wees, J. E. C.: Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. J Hyg 69, 405–411, 1971
  • Van der Waaij, D. and Berghuis, J. M. Determination of the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of individual mice. J Hyg 72, 379–387, 1974
  • Van der Waaij, D.: The digestive tract in immunocompromized patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital inpatients and those taking antibiotics. Ciba-Geigy Scientific Publications (in press), 1982
  • De Vries-Hospers, H. G., Sleijfer, D. T., Mulder, N. H., Van der Waaij, D., Nieweg, H. O. & Van Saene, H. K. F.: Bacteriological Aspects of Selective Tract as a Method of Infection Prevention in Granulocytopenic Patients. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother, 19, 813–820, 1981
  • Thijm, H. A. & Van der Waaij, D. The effect of three frequently applied antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract in mice. J Hyg 82, 397–405, 1979
  • Emmelot, C. H. & Van der Waaij, D.: The dose at which neomycin and polymyxin B can be applied for selective decontamination of the digestive tract. J Hyg 84, 331–340
  • Wiegersma, N., Jansen, G. & Van der Waaij, D.: Effect of twelve antimicrobial drugs on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice and on endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria. J Hyg 88, 221–230
  • Van der Waaij, D., Aberson, J., Thijm, H. A. & Welling, G. W.: The screening of four aminoglycosides in the selective decontamination of the digestive tract in mice. Infection, 10, 35–40, 1982
  • Van Saene, H. K. F. & Driessen, L. H. H. M.: Importance of treatment of Staphylococcus aureus carrierstrip in the prevention and therapy of Staphylococcus aureus infections. In: New criteria for antimicrobial therapy: maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance ed. D. van der Waaij, & J. Verhoef), p. 197–206. Excerpta Medica (ICS477), Amsterdam Oxford, 1979
  • Senn, J. S., McCulloch, E. A. & Till, J. E.: Comparison of colonyforming ability of normal and leukaemic human marrow in cell culture. Lancet i, 597–598, 1967
  • Metcalf, D.: Growth of cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. In: Recent results in cancer research. Hemopoietic colonies ed. D. Metcalf), p. 109–115. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1976
  • Spitze, G., Verma, D. S., Fisher, R., Zander, A., Vellekoop, L., Litam, J. McCredie, K. B. and Dicke, K. A.: The myeloid progenitor cell—its value in predicting hemapoietic recovery after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 55, 317–323, 1980
  • Van der Waaij, D.: Colonization resistance of the digestive tract as a major lead in the selection of antibiotics for therapy. In: New criteria for antimicrobial therapy: maintenance of digestive tract colonization resistance ed. D. van der Waaij & J. Verhoef), p. 271–280. Excerpta Medica (ICS477) Amsterdam, Oxford 1979
  • Van der Waaij, D.: Implications and consequences of antimicrobial therapy for the development and transfer of resistance. In: Proceedings symposium: Evaluation and management of hospital infections ed. R. van Furth), p. 53–60. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1982
  • Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The physical, medical and social effects of the atomic bombings: By: The committee for the compilation of materials on damage caused by the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hutchinson, London, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg, 1981

References

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.